They then considered possible
increases in air temperature in the future, and converted these to a permafrost distribution map using their observation - based relationship.
Those who might think that a ten year
pause in air temperature increases gives us extra time are not looking at the whole picture.
Even accounting for
uncertainties in air temperature, snow and other factors, this suggests permafrost is around 20 % more susceptible to warming than previously thought, the paper says.
In particular, through infrared and turbulent heating effects, an increase
in air temperature forces the glacier surface to warm, and makes it easier for melting to occur.
The scientists working on the IPCC assessments have carefully documented observed
changes in air temperature, ocean temperature, ice retreat, and sea level rise since the past century.
The research also supports a theory that a parallel
pause in air temperature rise in recent years may result from storage of heat in the deep ocean.
Since the extra heat, mainly in the the oceans is the equivalent of warming the atmophere by 42 °C, if this heat had been extracted from the atmosphere to warm the oceans we would have seen a drop
in Air temperatures of a similar scale: ≈ 40 °C or so of atmospheric cooling.
Researchers found an overall warming
trend in air temperature of 0.023 C (0.041 F) per year, and in water temperature of 0.028 C (0.050 F) per year over 51 years.
Differences in air temperatures above affected sea ice in the two regions, and the use of widely varying model weightings in REA16, complicate the picture.
When you consider that the day to day and month to month swings in the market are magnitudes smaller than the changes
in air temperature on the occasions you dare venture outside during an ad break on Fast Money, it kind of brings a bit of perspective.
By preventing any persistent build up of temperature differential between air and water it also prevents any changes
in air temperature affecting the temperature of the oceans and thereby changing the air temperature by indirect means.
They estimate that, across about 60 % of the global vegetated area, greening has buffered warming by about 14 %; for the remaining areas, which mostly include boreal zones, LAI trends have amplified the
raise in air temperatures, leading to an additional warming of about 10 %.
This is the rise
in air temperature expected by the year 2040, if current trends in the use of fossil fuels and forest - burning continue.
In air temperatures below -20 °C, the droplets freeze immediately on impact, creating heavy, wedge - shaped chunks dubbed «rime ice» (see diagram).
«New urban heat island study shows surprising variation
in air temperatures across Twin Cities: Results provide valuable insights into efforts to reduce heat - related harm in metro areas globally.»
multi-model mean CMIP5 simulated change
in air temperature over the 21st century divided by the simulated amplitude of natural variability — the signal - to - noise ratio (from Ed Hawkins).
However, changes in the distribution of snowfall through the year, conceivably linked to increases in sea surface temperature, may have reduced the reflectivity of the glacier and played an even bigger role in forcing the retreat than changes
in air temperature alone.
Even a small increase
in air temperature pushes up overall energy demand, and about 25 % of our energy bills are for only 40 hours per year when the grid is most heavily used.
Flatline in total air heat content,
flatline in air temperature, and yet some energy is flowing from the air into the ocean, going downwards.
«We found that the level of CO 2 had fluctuated greatly over the period but at any given time increases
in air temperature preceded higher concentrations of CO 2,» says academician Kapitsa, who worked in Antarctica for many years.
Given electronic probes generally respond more quickly to
fluctuations in air temperature than mercury thermometers, it follows that this method — instantaneous recordings from an electronic probe — would result in new temperature maxima under the same weather conditions.
They looked at the way that permafrost changes across the landscape, and how this is related to the air temperature, and then considered possible future increases
in air temperature before converting these to a permafrost distribution map, using their observation - based relationship.
His data corroborate this narrative, and this analogy, showing a sharp and persistent
spike in air temperatures during February to the north of 80 degrees North Latitude.
Difference
in the air temperatures between the years of solar activity maximum and minimum and its mechanism, A. I. Laptukhov, V. A. Laptukhov, 06/2010, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Volume 50, Number 3, pp. 375 - 382
5) It is important that changes
in air temperatures do not seem to be able to either heat up the oceans or significantly affect the variable rates of energy release from the oceans.
Warming oceans and a sharp rise
in air temperatures show that climate change is in full effect — and may be outstripping predictions.
Recorded observations show an increase
in air temperature which is associated with an earlier onset of hop phenological phases and a shortening of the vegetation period.
The evidence of climate change is not
just in the air temperature data, it is also in the way daffodils are blooming earlier each decade, the way many animal and plant species are migrating northward in our hemisphere.
So if 1 % of the heat from global warming is
manifested in air temperatures, and 93 % in manifested in ocean temperature changes according to the IPCC, why do you think it is up to «tom0mason» to «prove» that the oceans are the control knob, since he is just reaffirming what even the IPCC already effectively says?