Sentences with phrase «in aversive»

By engaging in these aversive behaviors, couples exchange fewer rewarding behaviors and become distressed.

The temporal relationship between infant heart - rate acceleration and crying in an aversive situation

From rodent models, the approach / avoidance theory of maternal behaviour suggests that neuroendocrine changes associated with parturition trigger a reduction in the aversive response of mothers towards pups while simultaneously provoking approach behaviours.

Thus, the same neural substrates that lead a mother to respond maternally may be involved in aversive responses to infants.

And for the sit cue, significantly more dogs in the aversive group showed behaviors signaling stress, including licking and yawning.

In addition, many such trainers use training methods founded in aversive protocols now deemed obsolete and damaging — both physically and psychologically.

In addition, many such trainers use training methods founded in aversive protocols deemed obsolete and damaging — both physically and psychologically (see American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior position statements under Supporting Documents, below).

In this framework, the BLA may be more involved in active responses in the form of guidance or gating of behavior, whereas the CeA / BNST is involved in aversive conditioning and reflexive responding through its descending connections to the PAG (3, 6).

The researchers chose two places in the brain — the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)-- because both have been implicated in the aversive effects of such emotional processes as fear conditioning and general anxiety.

Not exact matches

The study, titled «Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk,» found that loss aversion «expresses the intuition that a loss of $ X is more aversive than a gain of $ X is attractive... for example, most respondents in a sample of undergraduates refused to stake $ 10 on the toss of a coin if they stood to win less than $ 30.»

Do not be forceful in feeding your baby because it will only cause aversive reaction upon seeing his spoon or other feeding ware.

A recent review of the literature examined the evidence for and against nipple confusion and concluded: «The relationship between exposure to artificial nipples and pacifiers and the development of the aversive feeding behaviors associated with nipple confusion is neither refuted nor supported in the research literature.»

, 1968 Zick Rubin, «The Social Psychology of Romantic Love», 1969 Elliot Aronson, «Some Antecedents of Interpersonal Attraction», 1970 David C. Glass and Jerome E. Singer, «The Urban Condition: Its Stresses and Adaptations — Experimental Studies of Behavioral Consequences of Exposure to Aversive Events», 1971 Norman H. Anderson, «Information Integration Theory: A Brief Survey», 1972 Lenora Greenbaum, «Socio - Cultural Influences on Decision Making: An Illustrative Investigation of Possession - Trance in Sub-Saharan Africa», 1973 William E. McAuliffe and Robert A. Gordon, «A Test of Lindesmith's Theory of Addiction: The Frequency of Euphoria Among Long - Term Addicts», 1974 R. B. Zajonc and Gregory B. Markus, «Intellectual Environment and Intelligence», 1975 Johnathan Kelley and Herbert S. Klein, «Revolution and the Rebirth of Inequality: The Bolivian National Revolution», 1977 Murray Melbin, «Night as Frontier», 1978 Ronald S. Wilson, «Synchronies in Mental Development: An Epigenetic Perspective», 1979 Bibb Latane, Stephen G. Harkins, and Kipling D. Williams, «Many Hands Make Light the Work: The Causes and Consequences of Social Loafing», 1980 Gary Wayne Strong, «Information, Pattern, and Behavior: The Cognitive Biases of Four Japanese Groups», 1981 Richard A. Shweder and Edmund J. Bourne, «Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross Culturally?»

Aversive associative learning in Aplysia california survives restraint of the animal and surgical exposure of the central nervous system.

These structures, typically involved in processing reward, may therefore also be triggered in response to an aversive stimulus.

The quantities of certain chemicals with known roles in insect learning (octopamine), aversive conditioning (dopamine) and aggression (serotonin) were all reduced by the procedure, suggesting that as with their mammalian counterparts, duress in bees causes sustained, system - wide changes in brain state — a possible analogue of mood.

«In the short term, I think [this mechanism] creates an aversive state so that the animals want to seek out their partner to hold that bond together,» Young says.

This week in the JCI, a study conducted by David Engblom's lab at Linköping University in Sweden has demonstrated that the aversive effects of inflammatory pain are driven by prostaglandin signaling specifically on serotonin - producing neurons in the brainstem.

When the researchers selectively blocked prostaglandin synthesis in neurons, mice displayed reduced aversive responses to inflammation - induced pain.

Interestingly, when the team stimulated sour cells with light, they did not observe that kind of aversive behavior in the engineered mice.

These receptors respond to fatty acids that are specifically found in nuts and seeds, as well as a pheromone known to be aversive to mice.

In one instance, participants went on a virtual safari and observed a pride of lions attacking a water buffalo, a sight most people found aversive.

Foreign languages are often learned later in life in classrooms, and may not activate feelings, including aversive feelings, as strongly.

We report that in the rat, prior alcohol consumption results in enhanced addiction - like behavior to cocaine, including continued cocaine use despite aversive consequences.

In addition, no difference was seen in the active versus the control group in their response to sexual and aversive cues, indicating that the effects of baclofen on cue - induced brain activation were specific to drug cueIn addition, no difference was seen in the active versus the control group in their response to sexual and aversive cues, indicating that the effects of baclofen on cue - induced brain activation were specific to drug cuein the active versus the control group in their response to sexual and aversive cues, indicating that the effects of baclofen on cue - induced brain activation were specific to drug cuein their response to sexual and aversive cues, indicating that the effects of baclofen on cue - induced brain activation were specific to drug cues.

Galatzer - Levy analyzed data from large studies in humans and mice that involved «fear conditioning» and «fear extinction,» during which subjects receive a mild aversive stimulus when exposed to a sound or light, and «fear extinction learning,» during which conditioning is reversed by applying sound or light without the stimulus.

Then, they learn to associate the context with the aversive event, and show fear responses (such as freezing behavior) when placed subsequently in that context.

In contextual fear conditioning, experimental subjects are placed in an emotionally neutral context (such as a room) and presented an aversive stimulus (such as an electrical shockIn contextual fear conditioning, experimental subjects are placed in an emotionally neutral context (such as a room) and presented an aversive stimulus (such as an electrical shockin an emotionally neutral context (such as a room) and presented an aversive stimulus (such as an electrical shock).

The hippocampus encodes context cues, the amygdala stores associations between a context and an aversive event, and the mPFC signals whether a defensive response is appropriate in the present context.

Previous studies had suggested that the interactions between these two brain regions contribute to the formation and storage of aversive memories, and that these interactions are compromised in PTSD; but the exact mechanisms behind these processes were unknown.

Overgeneralization of aversive memories is thought to contribute to anxiety disorders in humans.

Exposure may include directly experiencing the trauma, witnessing the trauma in person, learning about a traumatic event happening to a loved one, or «first - hand repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details» of a traumatic event.

AD mice alone spent significantly less time freezing in response to the context associated with the aversive stimulus in our experiment, indicating that they did not remember the context, a phenotype that was rescued by treatment with J147 (Figure 1C).

Aged C3 - deficient mice also performed significantly better than WT mice in the contextual fear conditioning task, which evaluates memory associated with aversive stimuli, and C3 - deficient mice display reduced anxiolytic behavior, evaluated via the elevated plus maze and open - field assessment.

Distinct Traces for Appetitive versus Aversive Olfactory Memories in DPM Neurons of Drosophila.

In fact there seems to be a taste receptor for free fatty acids, CD36 [2], but this may be an aversive sensor for decayed food.

One formal definition of boredom is «the aversive experience of wanting, but being unable, to engage in satisfying activity.

PBS — also known as Positive Behavioral Support or Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports — originally emerged in response to aversive consequences with people with developmental disabilities.

That ability was honed to perfection in the part of the early brain that was responsible for reacting to changes in the environment, including the sudden appearance of other critters, «both aversive and cute,» the study notes.

Our Dog Training Philosophy follows the scientific behavioral principles of operant conditioning and involves using the least aversive approach possible in every training case.

Prong / pinch, choke, and shock collars are aversive «training» tools that show a statistically significant increase in the likelihood for your dog to develop behavior issues like aggression and separation anxiety later in life (Cooper et.

Fortunately, scientists have started to shed some light on the effectiveness and humaneness of popular training approaches, in particular, how dogs trained with reward - based methods differ from dogs trained using aversive training techniques.

In this context dogs showed responses to e-collar stimuli which were clearly discernible to a «blinded» observer, and showed changes in behaviour and physiology that other studies have interpreted as indications of aversive arousal or anxiety (e.g. Beerda et al 1998; Schilder and van der Borg 2004In this context dogs showed responses to e-collar stimuli which were clearly discernible to a «blinded» observer, and showed changes in behaviour and physiology that other studies have interpreted as indications of aversive arousal or anxiety (e.g. Beerda et al 1998; Schilder and van der Borg 2004in behaviour and physiology that other studies have interpreted as indications of aversive arousal or anxiety (e.g. Beerda et al 1998; Schilder and van der Borg 2004).

When she isn't training her own dogs, teaching classes, or helping private clients, she is in a constant state of education, always striving to learn more about how dogs perceive the world, the most effective ways to help modify challenging behaviors, and how she can help better their lives and the lives of their owners in the least invasive and minimally aversive way.

Since Choke, Shock & Prong collars are ADDING in a feeling, they are by definition AVERSIVE!

The ASPCA believes that responsible care includes appropriate amounts of nutritious, species - appropriate food and clean water to support good health; basic veterinary care including vaccinations and parasite control; necessary grooming and training; exercise; social interaction; diligence in identifying and eliminating hazardous substances and situations [See Use of Taste - aversive Additives to Antifreeze, and on Dog Chews / Treats]; using good judgment when exposing pets to potentially stressful situations; prompt treatment for illness or injury; and, in the case of dogs, cats, ferrets and rabbits, sterilization before puberty.

Some dog owners believe in the value of aversive canine training techniques, putting emphasis on punishment supposedly as a means of instilling discipline.

Balanced training wrongly assumes that modern methods need to be «balanced» with traditional use of aversives, in order to work effectively.

The most famous argument in favor of clicker training / operant conditioning is the one that says these trick trainers can train dolphins and killer whales to obey without using aversive corrections.

When the use of aversives was the norm in dog training, we simply punished our canine companions harshly enough that they were afraid to do these unwanted behaviors.