Richer populations are assumed to be more likely to invest
in coastal defences and some coastal communities will be less at risk than others, yet the cost of what Dr Hauer calls «adaptive infrastructure» in the US could reach $ 1 trillion.
Not exact matches
In 2010, Liddell - Grainger criticised plans by the Environment Agency and Natural England to create a wetland habitat at Steart on the Severn estuary as part of a realignment of
coastal flood
defences.
To set that figure we need to undertake a sea
defence review, similar to the military
defence review, which would set out what we actually need to do
in terms of reasonable protection against
coastal flooding and erosion and how much it will cost.
Preventing them will,
in part, involve investigating exactly how tides overcome
coastal defences, and how we can protect coasts from worsening erosion.
Dr Davidson added: «Beaches play a crucial role
in the lives of
coastal communities, acting as a
defence but also
in creating leisure opportunities.
However, the size of the waves generated by the Great East Japan Earthquake
in March that year led to sea
defences and other
coastal structures being overwhelmed, and
in many cases completely or partially destroyed.
The study, led by Dr Alison Raby, Associate Professor
in the School of Marine Science and Engineering at Plymouth University, includes a full analysis of Japan's history of
coastal defence design and measures taken since 2011.
«Our simulations could be used to help public authorities and policy makers create a comprehensive database of tsunami scenarios
in the Mediterranean, identify vulnerable
coastal regions for each scenario, and properly plan their
defence.»
And
in an era of accelerating rises
in sea levels those effects «may be catastrophic», says Pethick, «causing inundation of
coastal flood
defences».
The National Audit Office's report on British
coastal defences last year highlighted breaches of Hurst Spit
in Hampshire, which «are due mainly to the construction of concrete sea walls and groynes further to the west
in Christchurch Bay, which interrupted the natural drift of replenishing material».
Heavier rainfall plus sea level rise — which make storm surges bigger and more likely to breach
coastal defences — has scientists warning of a greater flood risk
in the UK as the climate warms.
Models of the coast line suggest that populations
in the north western region of Europe are most affected and many countries, including the Netherlands, Germany, France, Belgium, Denmark, Spain and Italy, will need to strengthen their
coastal defences.
But while adapting buildings
in coastal communities and upgrading
coastal defences can significantly reduce adverse impacts of sea level rise and storm surges, they can not eliminate these risks, especially as sea levels will continue to rise over time.
Coastal planning: here
in Germany the ongoing process of upgrading our
coastal defences is based on the assumption of up to 1.5 meters of sea - level rise.
The current debate around the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline centres around political posturing, provincial jurisdiction, investment priorities, climate change,
coastal protection and consent by First Nations communities, but when the pipeline was originally being built
in 1952, civil
defence and the threat of war with the Soviet Union was a going concern.