Sentences with phrase «in effective population size»

Changes to dn / ds in some of these domestic / wild animal comparisons may be the result of reductions in effective population size leading to relaxation in selective forces.

Using the SLAC algorithm implemented in HyPhy [34], the island group had a substantially higher mean dN / dS ratio (0.40) than mainland only (0.10), suggesting a signal of positive selection or the relaxation of selective forces associated with a decline in effective population size [35].

In addition, by eliminating some animals from breeding, a reduction in the effective population size will occur, thus risking higher levels of inbreeding, potential founder effects and genetic bottlenecks.

The increase in genetic diversity that Rogers and his colleagues found corresponds to a roughly tenfold increase in effective population size.

Not exact matches

Even as the affluent population in the U.S. has increased in size and financial resources (according to the Ipsos Survey USA»), a shrinking middle class is looking to more cost - effective options.

In 2008 a federal recovery plan stated that the white abalone «was driven to such low levels during the height of the commercial fishery that adults do not occur in high enough densities to successfully reproduce, contributing to repeated recruitment failure and an effective population size near zero.&raquIn 2008 a federal recovery plan stated that the white abalone «was driven to such low levels during the height of the commercial fishery that adults do not occur in high enough densities to successfully reproduce, contributing to repeated recruitment failure and an effective population size near zero.&raquin high enough densities to successfully reproduce, contributing to repeated recruitment failure and an effective population size near zero.»

As a wildlife conservationist, I am very interested in understanding what makes an «effective population size»: that fraction of a population that is fertile, actively reproducing, and able to produce the next generation.

Perhaps most surprising, Tyack said, scientists» knowledge about the population size of most marine mammals «is very poor, and too weak to detect declines in time for effective action.»

In population genetics we have our own sort of benchmark comparisons, too, like effective population size and comparisons to one migrant per generation.

The demographic scenario consisted of two populations of a given effective population size that have diverged in the past and have subsequently exchanged genes.

Effective population sizes (Ne) in rabbits are on the order of 106 [21].

We estimated the neutral mutation parameter (4Neμ for autosomal loci and 3Neμ for X-linked loci), where Ne is the effective population size and μ is the mutation rate per site per generation, using two estimators: Watterson's θw [67], the proportion of segregating sites in a sample, and π [68], the average number of pairwise differences per sequence in a sample.

Genetic studies using samples along the distribution range of both subspecies and based on a few dozen nuclear markers have revealed loci of relatively high divergence (0.3 — 1.2 %) between subspecies embedded in a genome otherwise characterized by low levels of differentiation and high levels of bidirectional gene flow [21], [24]--[26], likely facilitated by high effective population sizes, high dispersal, and a relatively short generation time [21], [24]--[26].

In population genetics, effective population size is not a direct measure of the total number of people that lived at a given time.

The tip branch effective population size is lowest in Finland (∼ 12,000), consistent with previous observations22, 23, and highest in Kent (∼ 191,000) and in the Netherlands (∼ 184,000).

This school faces $ 451,000 in cuts which will result in class sizes over 40 in the primary grades, loss of many highly effective teachers, along with drama and fine arts education, and a severe reduction in their ability to provide for the school's high special needs population.

Lebanon School District (PA) A founding member of the Pennsylvania Hybrid Learning Initiative, this medium - sized district in central Pennsylvania, serving a socioeconomically diverse student population, is implementing a hybrid learning model in Lebanon High School to personalize learning in a cost - effective manner and demonstrate that transforming a «mainstream» school toward blended learning is possible without starting a new school or securing special waivers.

The Kennel Club quotes the findings of the Food & Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, «Breeding strategies for sustainable management of animal genetic resources» (2010) in expressing the relationship between effective population size and the sustainability of breeds thus:

As an aside, we may note that the interbreeding between Miniature Bull Terriers and Bull Terriers to save the former breed whilst a DNA test was developed for Primary Lens Luxation, has resulted in such increased genetic diversity in Miniatures that their effective population size is now high enough to be officially described as sustainable.

Conditions not relating directly to breed standards account for over 75 % of all inherited disorders in pedigree dogs [24] and have been attributed to breed formation and small effective population size, the repeated use of popular sires and inbreeding.

Predicting the future of mammalian populations requires long time series of demographic and life history parameters: for example, the short term stability of the effective size of our seal population may be confirmed in the long term only when long time series of number of breeding females, pup mortality rate, and adult survival rate will be available.

In population genetics we have our own sort of benchmark comparisons, too, like effective population size and comparisons to one migrant per generation.

Implementation intentions have been demonstrated to be an effective tool of behavioural change in numerous settings and behaviours, displaying medium to strong effect sizes.98 — 100 Coping plans refer to plans that specify a critical barrier to the intended / planned behaviour and a specific strategy on how to cope with this barrier.101 A recent systematic review attests that the combination of action planning and coping planning seems to be most effective for behavioural change.102 Self - efficacy has also been shown to be a crucial factor in health behaviour change across different behaviours and different populations.

year Publication year, N total sample size, #ES amount of effect sizes, AC child age category of the child at the start of the program, Design research design, PCDC parent child development centers, CB community - based, CPEP child — parent enrichment project, FGDM family group decision making, HS healthy start, PCIT parent — child interaction therapy, CBFRS community - based family resource service, PUP parents under pressure, SEEK safe environment for every kid, HF healthy families, STEP systematic training for effective parenting, TPBP teen parents and babies program, TEEP Turkish early enrichment project, IFPS intensive family preservation services, ACT adults and children together, CBT cognitive behavioral therapy, PSBCT parent skills with behavioral couples therapy, PCTT parents and children talking together, FIRST family information, referral and support team, NFP nurse family partnership, HSYC healthy steps for young children, REACH resources, education and care in the home, PMD parents make the difference, CPC child — parent center, MST - BSF multisystemic therapy — building stronger families, PriCARE primary child — adult relationship enhancement, SSTP stepping stones Triple P, CAMP Colorado adolescent maternity program, STEEP steps toward effective and enjoyable parenting, FGC family group conferences, MST - CAN multisystemic therapy for child abuse and neglect, PAT parent as teachers, CM case management, CPS child protective services, NS not specified, QE quasi-experimental, RCT randomized controlled trial, R risk group, GP general population, M maltreating parents