Sentences with phrase «in electron charge»

The other, molybdenum diselenide, is an «n - type» semiconductor, rich in electron charge carriers.

Not exact matches

Due to the high temperatures and intense radiation present, these atoms initially existed in an «ionized» state: The negatively charged electrons had been stripped from positively charged protons, leaving behind positive hydrogen ions (essentially, just protons).

As part of their investigation, the researchers studied the dynamics of negatively charged energetic electrons in the exhaust beam of the thruster and their behavior was observed to play a key role in beam neutralization.

When an intense laser pulse strikes a plasma of electrons and positive ions, it shoves the lighter electrons forward, separating the charges and creating a secondary electric field that pulls the ions along behind the light like water in the wake of a speedboat.

To enable the spacecraft to remain charge - neutral, a «neutralizer» is used to inject electrons to exactly balance the positive ion charge in the exhaust beam.

When driven with electrical current, electrons and positively charged holes become confined in the dots and recombine to emit light — a property that can be exploited to make lasers.

The existence of hypothetical particles called magnetic monopoles would explain why electric charge comes in integer multiples of the charge of an electron instead of a continuous range of values, Emily Conover reported in «Magnets with a single pole are still giving physicists the slip» (SN: 2/3/18, p. 10).

But Robert Millikan did in 1913 when he measured the strength of the electric charge on a single electron.

«When the light hits molecules in Titan's ionosphere, it ejects negatively charged electrons out of the hydrocarbon and nitrile molecules, leaving a positively charged particle behind.

Tracking electrons inside the crystals, the team made another discovery: The charge flow depends on direction, an observation that seems to fly in the face of physics.

According to Sir Nevill Francis Mott's prediction in 1937, the mutual repulsion of charged electrons, which are responsible for carrying electrical current, can cause a metal - insulator transition.

Ristenpart thinks that positive ions drain out of the droplet and negative electrons come in through the bridge, so the droplet, now negatively charged, is drawn up to the positive electrode, where it regains its original positive charge, and so on.

The gamma rays strip electrons from the molecules in the surrounding air, and the resulting free electrons lose energy and readily attach to oxygen molecules to create elevated levels of negatively charged oxygen ions around the radioactive materials.

These oxygens have a partial negative charge (as in the molecule of water) and the oxygen atom attracts the electrons of the bonds more effectively.

If the electron carries a charge of value -1, each quark carries a charge of +2 / 3 or -1 / 3 and they combine in threes to give the proton with a charge of +1 and the neutron with zero charge.

Unlike a black hole in space, the X-rayed atom does not draw in matter from its surroundings through the force of gravity, but electrons with its electrical charge — causing the molecule to explode within the tiniest fraction of a second.

When the electrons collide with the high charge in the nuclei of the ions, they encounter resistance and lose speed.

DOWN FROM ABOVE Sunlight strips electrons from atoms in the atmosphere, creating a charged layer called the ionosphere.

For a monopole with twice the minimum charge, Rajantie and Gould determined that magnetic monopoles must be more massive than about 10 billion electron volts, going by data from collisions of lead nuclei in the Super Proton Synchrotron, a smaller accelerator at CERN.

In Weyl semimetals, the electrons are more like charge carriers that behave as if they are nearly massless, which makes them highly mobile.

Because of that — in addition to increasingly smaller sizes of transistors and similar charge - carrying materials — electrons have a tendency to bottleneck, or create traffic jams.

A quick flash of laser light aimed at the well generates pairs of electrons and positively charged «holes» in the middle layer.

When a charged lepton such as an electron hits dust, it slows down, and the energy it loses in the process gets emitted as another kind of gamma ray.

A team led by Latha Venkataraman, professor of applied physics and chemistry at Columbia Engineering and Xavier Roy, assistant professor of chemistry (Arts & Sciences), published a study today in Nature Nanotechnology that is the first to reproducibly demonstrate current blockade — the ability to switch a device from the insulating to the conducting state where charge is added and removed one electron at a time — using atomically precise molecular clusters at room temperature.

The Hall voltage climbs as the magnetic field increases in a series of even steps whose spacing is set by the electron's charge.

In the first step, incoming photons — packets of light — are converted to pairs of negatively - charged electrons and corresponding positively - charged «holes» that then separate from each other.

Researchers inject the LED with negatively charged electrons and positively charged «holes»; when the particles collide, they give off photons with wavelengths similar to the ones used in optical communications.

Within this time, in a complex cascade of events, several electrons are emitted, and positively charged reactive particles (ions) are created.

Electrons begin moving in circles in response to the magnetic field, as well as back and forth in reaction to the electric field — and the moving charges produce fields of their own.

In addition to charge, electrons have spin.

The gas in the accretion disk is hot enough for some of its atoms to lose electrons and become ionized — that is, to take on a positive electric charge.

In the studied model system, X-rays produce the doubly - charged particle (Ne2 +), which catches an electron from one of the neighboring atoms (Kr), transferring the energy to the other and releasing another electron.

As they go, the waves slightly displace atoms in the semiconductor, shifting positive atomic nuclei off center from their surrounding electrons and subtly altering the electric charge of the atoms.

With a difference of 500 000 volts, some of the negatively charged electrons in the core are forced into the polyethylene insulation, where they become trapped.

In effect the negatively charged electrons and positively charged atomic nuclei respond to one another in a way that causes each to try to accommodate the «shape» of the otheIn effect the negatively charged electrons and positively charged atomic nuclei respond to one another in a way that causes each to try to accommodate the «shape» of the othein a way that causes each to try to accommodate the «shape» of the other.

Less evident is the concept that electrons and atoms can move cooperatively to stop the flow of charge — or, in the other extreme, make electrons flow freely without resistance.

Two electrons mutually attracted to positively charged ions in the material lattice can couple to form a Cooper pair, which is crucial for superconductivity.

The new type of accelerator, known as a laser - plasma accelerator, uses pulses of laser light that blast through a soup of charged particles known as a plasma; the resulting plasma motion, which resemble waves in water, accelerates electrons riding atop the waves to high speeds.

But subsequent scans taken as more charge carriers were added revealed that the static pattern disappeared and electrons began to flow freely in all directions at exactly the same level of doping — close to the point at which the most robust superconductivity sets in.

Since only charged particles like electrons trigger a signal in the gas detector, the researcher was able to determine and subtract the proportion of gamma radiation.

Over the past few years, balloon and satellite cosmic - ray experiments have found high - energy electrons and their positively charged counterparts, positrons, in concentrations much higher than they would expect to see from the sun and other known sources of cosmic rays within our galaxy.

Whether they choose to eat sugar, sunlight, or filet mignon, cells ultimately derive their energy by shuffling electrons, the negatively charged particles that flitter in atoms and molecules.

In this scheme, the charge of the electron is used to transmit a signal.

In addition to carrying a charge, electrons have another property called spin, which relates to their magnetic properties.

Now, a group at the JILA research institute in Boulder, Colorado, has demonstrated what it describes as a «radically different» approach that probes electrons inside larger charged particles.

These results are interpreted in terms of single - electron charging and resonant tunneling through the quantized energy levels of the nanotubes composing the rope.

Electrons traveling through such a narrow path — racing along in what are called charge - density waves — can be easily reversed by virtually any obstacle.

«The very idea of using protons rather than electrons to move charge encounters intuitive resistance,» says John Roberts, an electrical engineer at Cambridge University in the U.K. «People know how to control electrons.

This motion would be detected by measuring image charges, which are induced by the moving electrons, flowing through another electrode using a commercially available current amplifier and lock - in detector.

This cube contains positively charged Na + ions in which one electron is lacking, and negatively charged Cl - ions with one extra electron (Fig. 1).