Capelli et al., Risk of canine and human exposure to Dirofilaria immitis infected mosquitoes
in endemic areas of Italy.
Furthermore, use of the vaccine
even in endemic areas (such as the east coast of the US) has been controversial because of anecdotal reports of vaccine - associated adverse events.
The high prevalence of natural dengue
infections in endemic areas means that many people have experienced infection at some point in the past and therefore may have immunity to the infecting serotype.
We are also comparing these signatures to those obtained during the acquisition of natural malaria immunity
in an endemic area in Mali.
«In the 1950's, the Brazilian health agencies added chloroquine into cooking salt and distributed it to the
population in endemic areas as an effective way of spreading the inexpensive anti-malarial drug as a prophylactic on a wide scale.
A model of dengue infection in humans is one way to overcome the absence of animal models and the challenge of high background
immunity in endemic areas.
Furthermore, parasite antigens that are highly immunogenic (i.e., they are recognized by the majority of
individuals in an endemic area) are unlikely to be protective; rather they represent decoys specifically deployed by the parasite to distract our immune system.
It just means that your immune system has been exposed (as most of us are during flu season and as most dogs are to Lyme
disease in endemic areas) and is doing its» job.
In endemic areas such as Guatemala, for example, researchers usually find 25 to 30 percent of kissing bugs to be infected.
So although it's an important
weapon in endemic areas, the vaccine is risky in countries that are currently disease free.
Increased hurricanes, drought and torrential
rainfall in endemic areas may push diseases into new regions as local economies and livelihoods are devastated.
The disease also affects health care
workers in endemic areas, who may lack the necessary equipment to maintain barrier nursing precautions that can keep the disease from spreading.
Because bartonellosis cases also spike a few months after rising temperatures are registered, there is time to spray for sand
flies in endemic areas, said Nelson Solórzano, who heads the bartonellosis unit at the hospital in Caraz The best investment now, Wilson said, would be in setting up regional surveillance networks of climatologists, entomologists and experts in human, animal and even plant diseases.
Molecular assays for ZIKV
used in endemic areas are only precise detecting Zika infection within a very narrow window of 7 - 10 days postsymptoms.
Differences in incidence of «e. canis infection
varies in endemic areas according to season, vector density, awareness of disease, ability to identify disease, and stress of other related diseases.
Year - round prevention is key, says McGeorge, who suggests regular flea and intestinal parasite control, as well as heartworm
prevention in endemic areas.
An important and probably best known example of a zoonotic viral disease from companion animals is rabies, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient presented with
encephalitis in endemic areas.
No specific reason, in fact, might exclude the parasitosis in cats in areas where human cases are reported, since both dog and cat are recognized reservoirs and definitive hosts of this zoonotic
nematode in endemic areas of the world (Mak et al., 1980; Pampiglione et al., 1995; Olteanu, 1996; Dissanaike et al., 1997; Tarello, 2000a - b and 2002a - b).
«But
in endemic areas like Florida, if they want to have more frequent vaccinations than every three years, we certainly wouldn't disagree with it,» he said, indicating that three - year shots are more risky in rabies - prone states like Florida than in some other areas.
The American Heartworm Society (AHS), the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), and the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP)
recommend in endemic areas (such as San Diego) year round heartworm prevention for BOTH dogs and cats.
Dogs
in endemic areas probably should be on heartworm preventatives for life, although only a veterinarian can recommend the appropriate prevention protocol.
The vaccine takes two weeks to take full effect, but the CDC only recommends it for «travelers who plan to spend at least 1
month in endemic areas during -LSB-...] transmission season» or «Short - term -LSB-...] travelers to endemic areas during the transmission season, if they plan to travel outside an urban area and their activities will increase the risk of exposure.»
Future climate change in Europe will facilitate a spread of LB into higher latitudes and altitudes, contributing to increased disease
occurrence in endemic areas, while LB will disappear in areas that will become too hot and dry for tick survival.
Even among people in close contact with lepers, only a fraction seems to contract the disease,
even in endemic areas.
PROHEART 6 ® is an injectable, moxidectin sustained release (SR) formulation for the prevention of canine heartworm
infection in endemic areas.
«Leishmania: Immune reaction to sandfly saliva varies between individuals living
in endemic areas.»
Daily body exams for ticks are crucial if you live
in endemic areas.
Vaccination against Lyme disease is recommended for pets that live
in endemic areas or that travel to areas where Lyme disease is prevalent.
Science shows that the most effective long - term Rabies control strategy is through vaccination of dogs
in endemic areas.
Serology demonstrates that
in the endemic areas of the U.S. about 25 percent of cats develop positive antibody titers to heartworms.
Sprays should be applied once to twice weekly, and
in some endemic areas, every day after the animal comes in from the outdoors.
Infectious disease expert Dr Richard Ford has also stated publicly that despite living
in an endemic area, he would not vaccinate his dog.
«
In endemic areas, again depending on the severity of the challenge, an animal that is vaccinated annually is naturally going to have a higher level of immunity.
One option is vaccination, which may be the best choice for pets who live
in an endemic area.
Despite these controversies and despite the potential seriousness of the disease, the following points convince me that this vaccine is not a good one, even
in endemic areas:
While vaccination has been somewhat controversial in the past we now have newer more effective vaccines and if you live
in an endemic area you should discuss vaccination with your Veterinarian.
Dogs
in endemic areas will often test positive for Lyme and have no symptoms, or at least, no observable symptoms.
Dogs
in endemic areas that spend substantial time outdoors have an increased risk of developing heartworm disease.