In Spain, strong credit growth partly reflects the decline
in nominal interest rates associated with European Monetary Union.
For another example, a 1 % decline in inflation expectations would not result in a more bearish backdrop for gold if it were accompanied by a decline of more than 1 %
in the nominal interest rate.
For example, a 2 % rise in inflation expectations would only result in a more bullish backdrop for gold if it were accompanied by a rise of less than 2 %
in the nominal interest rate.
If the economy is hit by an inflationary supply shock, then it must be met by an increase in the inflation rate and an increase
in the nominal interest rate (thus keeping real rates stable) rather than a rate hike to maintain a constant inflation rate (which would simply be an unwarranted transfer of wealth to lenders).
Not exact matches
In many cases, acceleration should lower their costs, as nominal interest rates will likely be higher two years from now than they are today, and idle construction crews in Alberta are relatively abundan
In many cases, acceleration should lower their costs, as
nominal interest rates will likely be higher two years from now than they are today, and idle construction crews
in Alberta are relatively abundan
in Alberta are relatively abundant.
By secular reflation, we mean at least a decade
in which short - and long - term
interest rates stay habitually below
nominal GDP growth and high grade bonds are not really bonds any more: delivering trend returns that are close to zero or even negative.
Real
interest rates, which subtract inflation from the
nominal rate to show the true cost of borrowing, soared as high as 8 %
in the aftermath, as demand for goods and services evaporated and prices tumbled.
This is clearly not good, because the
nominal interest rate can not be adjusted
in response to any shocks that hit the economy over the next 70 years.
Table 3 shows the changes
in the average private sector economic forecasts for
nominal GDP (the most applicable tax base for budgetary revenues), and for short - and long - term
interest rates, from the first estimate of the deficit to the final outcome.
They include upwards revisions
in economic forecasts, expectation of monetary tightening, rising real and
nominal long - term
interest rates, fiscal stimulus on a huge scale
in a full employment economy, rising protectionism that should choke off import flows, and tax reform directed at reducing capital outflows and increasing capital inflows.
Neither group of countries,
in other words, could help us determine what a «normal»
interest rate is compared to
nominal GDP.
Most importantly, with
nominal GDP growth
rates having dropped from 20 % to 8 - 9 % the greatest of all the distortions, the
interest rate distortion, has been the one most dramatically to adjust
in the past three years.
As long as this government debt is rolled over continuously at non-repressed
interest rates, which will be low as
nominal GDP growth drops, China can rebalance the economy without a collapse
in growth.
In a low - inflation environment, nominal interest rates are also low, and households are able to service much higher levels of debt than they could in the pas
In a low - inflation environment,
nominal interest rates are also low, and households are able to service much higher levels of debt than they could
in the pas
in the past.
While there are some signs of recognition such as the Fed's reduction
in its estimated neutral
rate from 4.5 percent to 3.0 percent during the last 2 years, the IMF's explicit use of the term secular stagnation
in its World Economic Outlook, ECB president Mario Draghi's call for global coordination and greater use of fiscal policy, and Japan's indicated
interest in fiscal - monetary cooperation, policymakers still have not made sufficiently radical adjustments
in their world view to reflect this new reality of a world where generating adequate
nominal GDP growth is likely to be the primary macroeconomic policy challenge for the next decade.
Also look at the TIPS -
nominal spread and note how the real
interest rate is rising around the world and particularly
in the US.
Now, talking about what is specifically happening with the US dollar, it might be
interesting for people to look at the data provided by the World Bank,
in which the World Bank provides the ratio between purchasing power parities and
nominal exchange
rates of countries, comparing it with the US dollar.
At least part of this, however, reflects the winding back of inflation, with a corresponding reduction
in the inflation premium built into
nominal interest rates, which
in earlier years was being consumed — ie retirees were effectively running down their real capital, often without realising it.
Interest rates and
nominal economic growth
rates tend to move
in tandem, so their competing effects on «justified» valuations generally cancel out.
That set of features suggests downward pressure on real U.S.
interest rates (i.e.
nominal interest rates declining without a corresponding decline
in inflation
rates).
Then again, a sustained period of suppressed
interest rates is only likely
in a continued environment of restrained
nominal economic growth.
In my view, the most likely accompaniment to economic weakness would not be a decline in nominal rates, but somewhat accelerated inflation (meaning that real interest rates might very well fall to negative levels), and possibly substantial weakness in the U.S. dolla
In my view, the most likely accompaniment to economic weakness would not be a decline
in nominal rates, but somewhat accelerated inflation (meaning that real interest rates might very well fall to negative levels), and possibly substantial weakness in the U.S. dolla
in nominal rates, but somewhat accelerated inflation (meaning that real
interest rates might very well fall to negative levels), and possibly substantial weakness
in the U.S. dolla
in the U.S. dollar.
@ Andrew / Hariseldon — short
nominal bond funds will recover quite quickly from a rise
in interest rates but the research I've read says they do badly
in unexpected inflation scenarios.
Interest rates of intermediaries
in Australia remain historically low, both
in real and
nominal terms, and by international standards (Table 7).
But
in the current situation, where
nominal interest rates are constrained because they can't go below zero, a small increase
in expected inflation could be helpful.
Inflation - protected securities would likely outperform
nominal government bonds amid higher - than - expected U.S. inflation, but stocks might not easily stomach a sharp upturn
in interest rates or Federal Reserve (Fed) hawkishness.
Indeed, because the level of
interest rates at any point
in time is highly correlated with the level of
nominal economic growth over the preceding decade, the relationship between starting valuations and actual subsequent S&P 500
nominal total returns is nearly independent of
interest rates.
What exactly do you see playing out
in terms of negative
nominal interest rates or just negative real
interest rates with rising inflation?
Graham Summers: I think we'll see actual negative
interest rates meaning the
interest rate is
in the negative like negative three
in nominal terms.
Although it now seems that the «zero lower bound» for
nominal interest rates wasn't actually zero, it is not clear that the recent negative
rates implemented by a handful of central banks
in Europe offer some new vista of policy effectiveness.
In this paper, the authors started with the following question: «Do persistently low
nominal interest rates mean that governments can safely borrow more?»
The housing recovery is being supported by an historically high level of affordability of houses which,
in turn, reflects the low level of
nominal interest rates.
When we talk about the Bank of Canada offsetting rather than accommodating changes
in fiscal policy, it is important to understand that we are talking about changing the
nominal interest rate relative to what it would have been otherwise without the fiscal policy change, and not relative to what the
nominal rate was
in the past.
The much lower
nominal interest rate structure prevailing
in Australia
in the 1990s reflects,
in part, the large decline
in inflation since the late 1980s.
If the Bank of Canada does what it is supposed to do, and what it says it does, then a temporary increase
in the fiscal deficit will cause a temporary rise
in the
nominal and real
interest rate (and
nominal and real exchange
rate), relative to what would have happened otherwise.
By 2016 QQE had succeeded
in lowering real
interest rates through both lower
nominal rates and increased inflation expectations.
Now, we're sympathetic to the idea that prospective real growth and inflation may be sufficiently lower
in the future to place us into a low
nominal growth world, which would also justify lower equilibrium
interest rate levels.
Holding an individual bond to maturity will result
in the return of principal (assuming the bond issuer doesn't default), but those
nominal dollars will be worth less with inflation and during periods of higher
interest rates.
But as I noted last week (see Two Point Three Sigmas Above the Norm),
nominal growth and
interest rate variations have historically canceled out over the past century, with little effect on the accuracy of our valuation estimates — matched reductions
in the growth
rate and the discount
rate really don't affect fair value.
Gold is most correlated with real
interest rates (
in other words, the
interest rate after inflation), not
nominal rates or inflation.
These small emergency loans come with a three - digit
interest rate against a very
nominal amount determined by the lender to be paid
in 30 days.
The
nominal interest rate is,
in essence, the actual monetary price that borrowers pay to lenders to use their money.
In that case, the
rate per period is simply the
nominal annual
interest rate divided by the number of periods per year.
Inflation - protected securities would likely outperform
nominal government bonds amid higher - than - expected U.S. inflation, but stocks might not easily stomach a sharp upturn
in interest rates or Federal Reserve (Fed) hawkishness.
By adjusting the
nominal interest rate to compensate for the effects of inflation, you are identifying the shift
in purchasing power of a given level of capital constant over time.
If
nominal interest rates increased at a faster
rate than inflation, then real
interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease
in the value of inflation - protected securities.Diversification does not assure a profit or protect against loss
in a declining market.
[Geeks Note: The
interest rate estimates here are based on the inverse of the liquidity preference function, which explains 96 % of the historical variation
in money holdings as a fraction of
nominal GDP.
The other terms and conditions for fixed
interest rate loans, such as making
interest only payments or
nominal $ 25 payments while
in school, are the same as for variable
rate loans.
While the
nominal interest rate is the
interest rate officially assigned to the product or investment, the real
interest rate is a reflection of the change
in purchasing power derived from an investment based on shifts
in the
rate of inflation.
As I noted this past January
in Sixteen Cents: Pushing the Unstable Limits of Monetary Policy, a collapse
in short - term yields to nearly zero is a predictable outcome of QE2, based on the very robust historical relationship between short - term
interest rates and the amount of cash and bank reserves (monetary base) that people are willing to hold per dollar of
nominal GDP: