Sentences with phrase «in observational»

As in all observational studies, residual and unmeasured confounding could be present.

In longitudinal models, higher levels of T1 observed family conflict in the SB sample predicted (a) increases in observational accounts of maternal acceptance (coefficient = 0.54, t = 2.20, p <.05; see Table II), (b) increases in questionnaire reports of paternal acceptance (coefficient = 1.23, t = 3.12, p <.01; see Table III), and (c) decreases in observed paternal psychological control (coefficient = − 0.23, t = − 3.89, p <.01; see Table V), findings contrary to prediction.

She is a strong methodologist with expertise in observational data collection and longitudinal analysis and has authored several observation instruments used extensively by researchers and practitioners.

Niemiec and Wedding describe cinematic strengths - spotting as an exercise in observational learning that can later serve as a model for behavior (page 16).

In observational research examining changes in parent - child interaction from pre - to post-treatment it has also been found that the families of children who benefit from such treatment show increased emotional flexibility in problem - solving discussions (Granic et al. 2007).

Comparing within - individual changes in cognitive ability associated with stability or change in neighborhood context provides a more direct means to assess the causal effect of social context in observational data.

The first phase of our research was devoted to the discovery of reliable patterns in observational data.

In our observational study of repair in our Love Lab — an apartment laboratory equipped with computers, video cameras, physiological sensors, and other equipment — in which we studied interactions between 30 couples for three years, we found that every conflict discussion is characterized by many repair attempts.

Mendelian randomization for strengthening causal inference in observational studies: application to gene by environment interaction

New Smyrna Beach, FL About Blog WeatherFlow Inc. is a leader in the private sector weather industry, with over two decades of experience in applying the latest in observational, modeling, and forecasting technology to its clients» most challenging problems.

The notion that CO2 is such a driver of climate that the projected growth in ambient levels carries the threat of probable catastrophe is so feeble, so lacking in observational and, indeed, theoretical support that we need other ways to understand the motivations of those who campaign so intemperately against this vital chemical.

While this trend is not evident in observational data to date, our research highlights the immediate importance of understanding how climate variability and disturbance affects savanna dynamics if landscapes in this region are to be used as enhanced carbon sinks in emission offset schemes.

To return to an earlier point I raised that a linear lapse rate mathematically translates a temperature change at any altitude to other altitudes including the surface, I remain interested in observational data on linearity is terms of a flux - weighted global average.

However, although this trend appeared in the observational data, it isn't seen in all the reanalyses or regional models, leaving open a possibility that the trend is an artifact of some sort (instrumental changes, urbanization etc.).

Both September and October were also the warmest on record, in terms of anomalies, for any month amongst all 1630 months in the observational record.

Marvel don't give any results for the relative contributions of diferent forcings to their increases in observational TCR / ECS estimates.

Thorne et al. (2007) suggested that the absence of the mid-tropospheric warming might be attributable to uncertainties in the observed record: however, Douglass et al. (2007) responded with a detailed statistical analysis demonstrating that the absence of the projected degree of warming is significant in all observational datasets.

The findings using iRF are largely irrelevant because iRF is little used in observational studies, which generally use ERF and / or RF values.

The full range of Outlooks submitted this month lies within the range of the 10 lowest years of sea ice extent in the observational record.

According to analyses at NASA and NOAA, the past decade has been the warmest in the observational record dating back to the 19th century and the Arctic has been substantially higher than the global average.

However, the model predictions of the climate of the end of this century lie largely outside of this evaluation period, due to the projected future CO2 forcing being significantly greater than that seen in the observational record.

However, this is not true when the effective radiative forcing (ERF) measure of aerosol forcing — preferred by IPCC AR5 and used in the observational studies Marvel et al. criticises — is employed.

It's possible that there was an abrupt change in behavior then, but it's also likely that changes in observational strategy took place.

Automated and semi-automated quality control systems are used to identify differences in observational readings.

This technical document provides guidelines with the aim to provide managers and operators of climate monitoring networks with a set of recommended procedures / practices by which change can be managed in the observational programs in a manner that best maintains the required integrity of the climate record.

This ideal can be approached well enough in many laboratory experiments, but it can not be reached in observational studies of real world.

Reanalysis products are essentially «massaged» data and it is possible that if solar signals ever existed in the observational data, they could have been entirely removed by models during the creation of the reanalysis data.

On the other hand, the results would be founded in observational facts and data, and would not be nearly as subject to the whims and biases of an agendized clique of climate modelers whose basic starting point is, and always will be, «Nothing else but C02 explains it.»

The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects.

Several ocean - air - sea ice feedback processes may be operating (Meredith and King 2005; Hanna 1996), though it has been difficult to pin down their relative roles in the observational studies (King 1994; Jacobs and Comiso 1997).

The bias in the other versions of the global temperature record due to change in observational platforms can be estimated from the difference between the raw and adjusted HadSST3 data, and is shown in Figure 2.

We can see that the change in observational methods will tend to suppress temperature trends starting in the mid 1990's and running to the present.

The uncertainties in the observational records are discussed in detail in Section 3.4.1 and by Karl et al. (2006).

Note that trends starting in 1997 and 1998 are most biased by the change in observational method.

My final point here is that I am 100 % in favor of this approach (not just in this field, but in observational science generally), and am in fact convinced that only via systematically conducteed simulations of realistic tree ring data sets can methodological problems be identified (and potentially corrected).

Non-stationarity in the observational / reanalysis data sets complicated the evaluation of downscaling performance.

Non-stationarity in the observational / reanalysis datasets complicated the evaluation of downscaling performance.

«However, the global mean SST is 0.06 °C warmer after 1980 in ERSST.v4 because of the buoy adjustments (not shown) and there are therefore impacts on the long - term trends compared to applying no adjustment to account for the change in observational platforms.»

What we really know about half a degree we can see in the observational record, and for many it is not particularly good.

His most highly cited papers are in observational studies of long term variability and trends in atmospheric water vapor and clouds.

There is evidence in satellite and radiosonde data and in observational data for poleward expansion of the tropical circulation by as much as a few degrees of latitude since the 1970s [34]--[35], but natural variability may have contributed to that expansion [36].

Po Chedley say: «The apparent model - observational difference for tropical upper tropospheric warming represents an important problem, but it is not clear whether the difference is a result of common biases in GCMs, biases in observational datasets, or both.»

9.4.1.3.2 Upper tropospheric temperature trends Most climate model simulations show a larger warming in the tropical troposphere than is found in observational datasets (e.g., (McKitrick et al., 2010)(Santer et al., 2012)-RRB-.

The experts you selectively quote say» it is not clear whether the difference is a result of common biases in GCMs, biases in observational datasets, or both», whereas you make your own conclusion and suggest that the radiosonde are correct and everything else is wrong.

IMO I've seen nothing in the observational record that convinces me that we need take any drastic action to reduce CO2 outputs quicker than they will naturally fall as newer, cleaner baseload power options come on stream.

We applied the same method used in the observational analysis on general circulation model data to decrease the statistical uncertainty at the expense of an increased systematic uncertainty.

So what we are really interested in is the waiting time to the next unambiguous record i.e. a record that is at least 0.1 ºC warmer than the previous one (so that it would be clear in all observational datasets).

SEM is a complex process used mainly in the social and behavioural sciences to test and explore assumptions about relationships in observational data.

In a new study, Box and a team of researchers describe the decline in ice sheet reflectivity and the reasons behind it, noting that if current trends continue, the area of ice that melts during the summer season is likely to expand to cover all of Greenland for the first time in the observational record, rather than just the lower elevations at the edges of the continent, as is the case today.

«Peter Stott, Head of Climate Monitoring and Attribution at the Met Office, said: «Recent advances in observational data and the way it is analysed give us a better insight into the climate system than ever before.