Since a large body of evidence links pollution with poor health, and health is an important part of human capital, efforts to reduce pollution could plausibly be viewed as an investment in human capital and thus a tool for promoting economic growth... We find robust evidence that ozone levels well below federal air quality standards have a significant impact on productivity: a 10 ppb decrease
in ozone concentrations increases worker productivity by 4.2 percent.
When we compared the seasonal variations
in ozone concentrations for each band to the seasonal variations in the phase change conditions, we found they were both highly correlated!
Variation
in ozone concentrations at ozone levels well below federal air quality standards have a significant impact on productivity.
They find that variation
in ozone concentrations at levels well below federal air quality standards have a significant impact on productivity.
There is no doubt that it is upper troposphere cloud that responds to change in local temperature in turn related to periodic change
in ozone concentration that is in turn associated with vortex activity at the poles.
Their central estimate suggests that a 10 ppb (parts per billion) decrease
in ozone concentration increases worker productivity by 4.2 percent.
Not exact matches
Our results show that continued sustained growth
in its
concentration could substantially delay recovery of the
ozone layer, offsetting some of the future benefits of the Montreal Protocol.»
Notably, Terada and his colleagues say, previous studies have shown that the overall proportions of oxygen isotopes
in the
ozone layer also are skewed toward above - average
concentrations of oxygen - 17 and oxygen - 18.
Simulations that don't include the effect of CH2Cl2 suggest that high - altitude
ozone in the Antarctic will return to pre-1980 levels, the
concentration measured before CFCs and other
ozone - destroying chemicals were recognized as a problem,
in 2065.
It would provide important insight into how much SRM would reduce radiative heating, the
concentration of water vapor
in the stratosphere, and the processes that determine water vapor transport — which affects the
concentration of
ozone.
«A week ago, the
ozone concentration in the stratosphere was still at a normal level; I don't know if it has changed yet.
First was an improvement
in the computer processing that transforms raw satellite observations from the Dutch - Finnish
Ozone Monitoring Instrument aboard NASA's Aura spacecraft into precise estimates of sulfur dioxide
concentrations.
So Weschler and Wisthaler simulated a typical office environment at the Technical University of Denmark
in Copenhagen — two people
in a carpeted 28.5 — cubic meter room at a temperature of 23 degrees Celsius with two small stainless steel tables, two chairs, two flat - screen LCD monitors, two headsets, one walkie - talkie, one small mixing fan, a few books, two laptops, two bottles of water and
ozone concentrations that reached roughly 32 parts per billion, an average exposure for a hot, smoggy day.
What happens to the
ozone layer
in the second half of the 21st century will largely depend on
concentrations of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide — the three main long - lived greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere.
In this study in Timothy grass, researchers led by environmental health scientist Christine Rogers of the UMass Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences (SPHHS) determined the interactive effects of CO2 and ozone at projected higher levels on pollen production and concentrations of a Timothy grass pollen protein that is a major human allerge
In this study
in Timothy grass, researchers led by environmental health scientist Christine Rogers of the UMass Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences (SPHHS) determined the interactive effects of CO2 and ozone at projected higher levels on pollen production and concentrations of a Timothy grass pollen protein that is a major human allerge
in Timothy grass, researchers led by environmental health scientist Christine Rogers of the UMass Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences (SPHHS) determined the interactive effects of CO2 and
ozone at projected higher levels on pollen production and
concentrations of a Timothy grass pollen protein that is a major human allergen.
Earth System Threshold Measure Boundary Current Level Preindustrial Climate Change CO2
Concentration 350 ppm 387 ppm 280 ppm Biodiversity Loss Extinction Rate 10 pm > 100 pm * 0.1 - one pm Nitrogen Cycle N2 Tonnage 35 mmt ** 121 mmt 0 Phosphorous Cycle Level
in Ocean 11 mmt 8.5 - 9.5 mmt — 1 mmt
Ozone Layer O3
Concentration 276 DU # 283 DU 290 DU Ocean Acidification Aragonite ^ ^ Levels 2.75 2.90 3.44 Freshwater Usage Consumption 4,000 km3 ^ 2,600 km3 415 km3 Land Use Change Cropland Conversion 15 km3 11.7 km3 Low Aerosols Soot
Concentration TBD TBD TBD Chemical Pollution TBD TBD TBD TBD * pm = per million ** mmt = millions of metric tons #DU = dobson unit ^ km3 = cubic kilometers ^ ^ Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate.
IN 1957, I invented a device that can sniff out poisonous pesticides and
ozone - eating compounds at
concentrations of just one part per trillion.
Tropospheric
ozone — a greenhouse gas and the kind that affects the air we breathe — can increase
in concentration because of atmospheric conditions, or can result from human activities.
In their study, the researchers used an ensemble of climate models to simulate the concentrations of ozone and PM2.5 in the years 2000 and 185
In their study, the researchers used an ensemble of climate models to simulate the
concentrations of
ozone and PM2.5
in the years 2000 and 185
in the years 2000 and 1850.
The
ozone concentrations in his measurements remained nearly constantly below the detection limit of approx. 10 ppbv
in the entire vertical range from the surface of Earth to an altitude of around 15 kilometres.
Normally
ozone concentrations in this part of the atmosphere are three to ten times higher.
In addition, he says, since CFCs are not particularly soluble in water, they would not be present in cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone level
In addition, he says, since CFCs are not particularly soluble
in water, they would not be present in cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone level
in water, they would not be present
in cloud - born ice particles in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone level
in cloud - born ice particles
in very high concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on ozone level
in very high
concentrations, so the mechanism Lu and Sanche propose would not dissociate enough CFCs to have a big impact on
ozone levels.
Gary Cohen, president and founder of the Massachusetts - based nonprofit Health Care Without Harm, said
in a telephone interview that the risks of climate change to both the health of U.S. citizens and the U.S. health care delivery system is profound, particularly
in urban areas, where warming average temperatures are exacerbated by the heat island effect and high
concentrations of other air pollution like
ozone and particulate matter.
The
concentration of pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) represents one key factor
in ozone destruction, but weather conditions impact the hole as well.
Although the Montreal Protocol came into force
in 1987 and restricted the use of
ozone - depleting substances, atmospheric
concentrations of these harmful substances continued to rise as they can survive
in the atmosphere for many years.
The region between 45 degrees N and 65 degrees N saw the lowest ever
concentrations of total atmospheric
ozone over the three continental regions of North America, Europe and Siberia
in the winter - spring months of 1992 and 1993.
NASA's upper atmosphere research satellite, for example, carries the British - made microwave limb sounder (MLS) which measures
concentrations of chlorine monoxide — a chemical that plays a critical part
in the destruction of
ozone.
The device would have measured
ozone concentration, gases involved
in ozone depletion, and aerosols such as those from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo
in the Philippines.
These show that just such a long - term decrease is taking place, and that there were unusually low values of
ozone concentration in 1992 between latitudes 50 degrees North and 60 degrees North, covering Northern Europe, Russia and Canada.
According to Ulrich Schumann of the DLR, who organised last week's colloquium, NOx
concentrations at middle latitudes
in the upper troposphere may have doubled
in recent years, and the air lanes over the North Atlantic and Europe have around 20 per cent more
ozone than other areas.
Even though open windows bring
in more
ozone from outside, the reduction
in the indoor limonene
concentration and SOA formation strength more than make up for it, as less secondary organic aerosol is formed inside.
By adjusting elements of the test, such as the air exchange rate, which is the number of times per hour indoor air is replaced by outdoor air, as well as the
concentrations of terpene and
ozone in the chamber, the group was able to ascertain how those variables each affected the formation of secondary organic aerosols.
Ammonia is an abundant constituent
in motor vehicle emissions, and its conversion to nitrogen oxides could result
in increases
in harmful
ozone concentrations.
Sicard, P, Serra, R and Rosello, P 2016 Spatiotemporal trends
in ground - level
ozone concentrations and metrics
in France over the time period 1999 — 2012.
The full set of health metrics have been detailed
in TOAR - Metrics, and are organised according to the range of the
ozone distribution to which they correspond, specifically: high
ozone concentrations, high and mid-level
ozone concentrations and
ozone concentrations from across the distribution.
Wang, T, Xue, L, Brimblecombe, P, Lam, YF, Li, L and Zhang, L 2017
Ozone pollution
in China: A review of
concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects.
«Wave patterns
in the images, revealed by UV absorption from
ozone concentrations, are critical to understanding the wind patterns, giving scientists an additional means to study the chemistry and global circulation of the atmosphere,» writes NASA.
In fact the average
concentration of
ozone is everywhere lower than the value that used to define the present
ozone hole.
The Pallas research infrastructure has been extensively instrumented for modern and versatile monitoring of the environment since the start of continuous monitoring of atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO2) and
ozone (O3)
concentrations at Sammaltunturi
in September 1991, and with the setup of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station
in 1994.
• increases
in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with implications for child growth and development; • increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts; • the increased burden of diarrheal disease; • the increased frequency of cardio - respiratory diseases due to higher
concentrations of ground - level
ozone related to climate change; and, • the altered spatial distribution of some infectious disease vectors.
There are a large number of recent peer - reviewed scientific publications demonstrating how solar activity can affect our climate (Benestad, 2002), such as how changes
in the UV radiation following the solar activity affect the stratospheric
ozone concentrations (1999) and how earth's temperatures respond to changes
in the total solar irradiance (Meehl, 2003).
Given that CFC
concentrations in the atmos have largely stabalised, I would suppose that
ozone too should stabalise.
This line from the abstract of an important paper
in Science papers
in 1974 says much: «Calculations indicate that chlorofluoromethanes produced by man can greatly affect the
concentrations of stratospheric
ozone in future decades.»
Of course, though some of the flux up at the tropopause escapes directly to space, and some is absorbed by CO2 (over the whole stratosphere
in the wings of the CO2 band, concentrated towards the base of the stratosphere for larger optical thicknesses), some is absorbed by
ozone (with variable
concentration), and some by water vapor.
«Above about 50 km
in altitude, the
ozone heating effect diminishes
in importance because of falling
ozone concentrations, and radiative cooling becomes relatively more important.
As to the specific papers you cited, Miller et al 2006 states,» Recent changes
in the magnitude of the annular patterns have been interpreted as the signature of anthropogenic forcing by changes
in the
concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) or else stratospheric
ozone [Shindell et al., 1999; Fyfe et al., 1999; Kushner et al., 2001; Kindem and Christiansen, 2001; Sexton, 2001; Gillett and Thompson, 2003; Shindell and Schmidt, 2004; Arblaster and Meehl, 2006].»
The team's results show that human - induced (anthropogenic) changes
in well - mixed greenhouse gases, which are fairly evenly distributed
in the atmosphere, and
ozone, a greenhouse gas that is found
in higher
concentrations in the stratosphere, are the primary causes of the approximately 200 - meter rise
in the tropopause that has occurred since 1979.
There certainly isn't such a cycle
in the GHG
concentrations, and while it's conceivable that the
ozone runs used an
ozone field that was modulated by solar activity, I doubt that this was the case (that kind of simulation is only just being to be made).
Scientists use the word hole as a metaphor for the area
in which
ozone concentrations drop below the historical threshold of 220 Dobson Units.
Although production of
ozone - destroying gases has been curtailed under international agreements,
concentrations of the gases
in the stratosphere are only now reaching their peak.