These line graphs plot monthly deviations and overall trends
in polar sea ice from 1979 to 2017 as measured by satellites.
However,
in the polar sea ice zones, GISTEMP extrapolates the land surface air temperature anomalies over the oceans to a radial distance of 1,200 km (Hansen et al. 2010).
With that in mind, let us limit our discussion in this essay to the Arctic, i.e., the region which has shown a decrease
in polar sea ice.
Variations
in polar sea ice on short time scales, up or down, are essentially meaningless, my contacts studying the cryosphere always stress.
★ Mika Rottenberg: «Bowls Balls Souls Holes» (through June 14) The centerpiece of this show, a delirious, 28 - minute video called «Bowls Balls Souls Holes,» takes viewers on a mind - blowing trip through time and space, from a Harlem bingo parlor to melting ice
in a polar sea and from a seedy urban hotel to the subterranean depths of a parallel universe.
Scientists now believe that the projected decreases
in the polar sea ice due to global warming will have a significant negative impact or even lead to extinction of this species within this century.
According to guidelines based on several years — and $ 10 million — of environmental - impact research, the Navy is not permitted to use the low - frequency sonar within 12 nautical miles of any coastline, in any marine sanctuary, near any marine - mammal «biologically important area,» or
in polar seas.
The researchers expect to see the most apparent changes
in the polar seas.
The Coast Guard now relies largely on just two vessels
in the polar seas.
If a big ocean liner were steaming into dense fog
in polar seas, only a fool would maintain full speed on the basis that the technicians were still discussing the distance to the first big iceberg.
The large vertical movements occur
in polar seas, where accelerated radiation makes the surface waters greatly colder than the deeper waters.
In polar seas the waters are stratified by salinity and are regarded as haloclines.
Not exact matches
After a report about four drowned
polar bears seen far out at
sea, they were put on the USA threatened list — even though there has been no demonstrated diminution
in population.
One initiative Canada could push is the creation of an international Arctic fisheries agreement, which would protect the fragile
polar ecosystem from unregulated commercial fishing
in the high
seas of the Arctic.
Female
polar bears prowling springtime
sea ice have extreme weight swings, some losing more than 10 percent of their body mass
in just over a week.
Their data showed that the difference between
polar and equatorial
sea surface temperatures
in the Eocene was an estimated 20 degrees Celsius, about 36 degrees Fahrenheit.
The paper, to appear Sept. 14
in The Cryosphere, is the first to quantify the
sea ice changes
in each
polar bear subpopulation across the entire Arctic region using metrics that are specifically relevant to
polar bear biology.
A new University of Washington study, with funding and satellite data from NASA and other agencies, finds a trend toward earlier
sea ice melt
in the spring and later ice growth
in the fall across all 19
polar bear populations, which can negatively impact the feeding and breeding capabilities of the bears.
The
polar bear, also known as the white bear, northern bear,
sea bear, or nanuq
in some Inuit languages, is a species of bear that is native to the Arctic and the apex predator within its range.
The analysis shows that the critical timing of the
sea ice break - up and
sea ice freeze - up is changing
in all areas
in a direction that is harmful for
polar bears.
Sea ice - associated decline
in body condition leads to increased concentrations of lipophilic pollutants
in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, Norway.
Scientists first noticed this deadly phenomenon
in 2004 when they noticed four drowned
polar bears
in the Beaufort
Sea off Alaska's North Slope.
It sits
in Ligeia Mare, a
sea made of methane, ethane and nitrogen
in Titan's northern
polar region.
The case of this one
polar bear and the failure of her offspring to survive
in the new environmental conditions of the Arctic doesn't bode well for the future of the species, especially as Arctic
sea ice continues to retreat at a record pace.
The Interior Department lists the
polar bear as a «threatened» species — one at risk of becoming endangered — due to dangerous declines
in their
sea ice habitat
Mori et al. identified two circulation patterns that drove winter temperatures
in Eurasia from 1979 to 2013: the Arctic Oscillation (which confines colder air to the
polar latitudes) and a pattern dubbed «Warm Arctic and Cold Eurasia» (WACE), which correlated both to
sea - ice loss in the Barents - Kara Sea and to particularly cold winters; its impact has more than doubled the probability of severe winters in central Euras
sea - ice loss
in the Barents - Kara
Sea and to particularly cold winters; its impact has more than doubled the probability of severe winters in central Euras
Sea and to particularly cold winters; its impact has more than doubled the probability of severe winters
in central Eurasia.
One «growing phenomenon
in the Arctic [is]
polar bears foraging on land as their primary habitat,
sea ice, retreats,» Kintisch writes, which makes field work even more dangerous, and difficult, than it would be otherwise.
The combination of
polar and nonpolar ice combined to raise
sea levels by more than a millimeter
in the last decade
Collectively these studies, which have included green
sea turtles,
polar bears and monkeys, bring weight to the «hygiene hypothesis,» which theorizes that reduced exposure to microbes is contributing to the increase
in autoimmune and allergic disease occurrence
in Westernized nations.
An international «Red List» of threatened species says that the
polar bear is vulnerable to extinction because of a projected decline
in its habitat linked to climate change that is melting
sea ice
in the Arctic.
The rule
in question was finalized by the Bush administration
in December, six months after the
polar bear was declared a threatened species due to the melting of its
sea - ice habitat.
«Billions of juvenile fish under the Arctic
sea ice: New under - ice net used
in large - scale study on the prevalence of
polar cod at the ice underside.»
Fox accompanies a team of NASA scientists as they drive a refurbished orange Humvee across a frozen channel
in the Canadian High Arctic, facing melting
sea ice, mechanical breakdown, and the threat of marauding
polar bears.
The negative impacts of warmer winters may be less evident
in Nordic countries than
in places like Alaska, where people and animals like
polar bears and seals are more dependent on the presence of
sea ice, according to Serreze.
All the fish were
in top condition, which suggests that there was enough food under the ice, making the
sea ice a true nursery ground for
polar cod.
If the
polar cod population
in the Barents
Sea actually does shrink, the juvenile fish under the ice of the Eastern Arctic could become even more important — especially
in order to make up for losses elsewhere.
In 2004, during an aerial survey of bowhead whales in the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska, Monnett and his colleague Jeffrey Gleason observed four dead polar bear
In 2004, during an aerial survey of bowhead whales
in the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska, Monnett and his colleague Jeffrey Gleason observed four dead polar bear
in the Beaufort
Sea north of Alaska, Monnett and his colleague Jeffrey Gleason observed four dead
polar bears.
«When we look forward several decades, climate models predict such profound loss of Arctic
sea ice that there's little doubt this will negatively affect
polar bears throughout much of their range, because of their critical dependence on
sea ice,» said Kristin Laidre, a researcher at the University of Washington's
Polar Science Center
in Seattle and co-author of a study on projections of the global
polar bear population.
This past September the National Snow and Ice Data Center
in Boulder, Colo., which collects
polar and ice information for the government, announced that there was less
sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean than at any time since satellite measurements began
in 1979.
They then used the satellite record of Arctic
sea ice extent to calculate the rates of
sea ice loss and then projected those rates into the future, to estimate how much more the
sea ice cover may shrink
in approximately three
polar bear generations, or 35 years.
In some parts of the Arctic,
sea ice loss is causing
polar bears to spend longer periods on shore each summer.
A young
polar bear sitting on the shore
in southern Beaufort
Sea, Alaska.
«For example,
in some parts of the Arctic, such as the Chukchi
Sea,
polar bears appear healthy, fat and reproducing well — this may be because this area is very ecologically productive, so you can lose some ice before seeing negative effects on bears.
U.S. District Court Judge Claudia Wilken
in Oakland, Calif., on April 29 ordered the Bush administration to stop dragging its feet on the fate of
polar bears and decide by May 15 whether declining
sea ice
in the Arctic threatens their existence.
The newly discovered phenomenon over the South
Seas boosts ozone depletion
in the
polar regions and could have a significant influence on the future climate of Earth — also because of rising air pollution
in South East Asia.
Background Mammals that have evolved to live
in cold waters, such as whales, seals,
sea lions and
polar bears, commonly have a layer of blubber.
IT WILL be little consolation to hungry
polar bears
in northern Manitoba, Canada, who have had to wait weeks longer than usual for
sea ice to form on Hudson Bay, but their habitat is not irreversibly doomed.
The research is timely given the extreme winter of 2017 - 2018, including record warm Arctic and low
sea ice, record - breaking
polar vortex disruption, record - breaking cold and disruptive snowfalls
in the United States and Europe, severe «bomb cyclones» and costly nor'easter s, said Judah Cohen, director of seasonal forecasting at AER and lead author of the study.
Starting next week, NASA's Operation IceBridge, an airborne survey of
polar ice, will be carrying science flights over
sea ice
in the Arctic, to help validate satellite readings and provide insight into the impact of the summer melt season on land and
sea ice.
In the San Francisco Bay area,
sea level rise alone could inundate an area of between 50 and 410 square kilometres by 2100, depending both on how much action is taken to limit further global warming and how fast the
polar ice sheets melt.