Although there is no «preclinical crisis» in the sense of too few postgraduate students, the scarcity of
MDs in preclinical research (now dominated by science graduates) is lamented.
Katherine W. Klinger, PhD, Senior Vice President for Genetics and Genomics at the Genzyme Corporation, and Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine suggested that for an orphan disease it may be necessary to use multiple animal
models in the preclinical research stage, because one animal model may not fully recapitulate the human disease.
But
in preclinical research — work with animals and cells — the preference for males has remained steadfast.
In preclinical research, tumor cells lysed by coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), a naturally occurring «common cold» ICAM - 1 — targeted RNA virus, induced a secondary systemic host - generated antitumor immune response.