But traditional approaches to involve a greater variety of
people in school affairs — sending notices home, making phone calls — are not always effective.
In Washington, D.C., Mayor Williams now has some
voice in school affairs rooted in his ability to select some of the school board members, but he can not appoint a leader for the school system.
As Hirschman himself realized later in his life, «opening up of previously unavailable opportunities of choice or exit may generate feelings of empowerment in parents, who as a result may be more ready than before to
participate in school affairs and to speak out.»
Perhaps it was Schaefer's public dispute with the city's first black superintendent, which became an intensely racial conflict between community activists and the mostly white school board, that sensitized him to the political costs of becoming too deeply
engaged in school affairs.