Sentences with phrase «in seasonal surface»

The scatter diagrams described and presented on these pages depict projected changes in seasonal surface air temperature and precipitation for three 30 - year periods (2010 - 2039, 2040 - 2069 and 2070 - 2099) relative to the baseline period 1961 - 1990 in 32 sub-continental scale regions (see below).

Not exact matches

The vaccine's effectiveness suggests there must be pre-existing cell - mediated immunity, possibly because of similarities between the surface proteins on swine flu and the seasonal H1N1 flu that emerged in 1977.

Polar bears, the poster - child for climate change, are among the animals most affected by the seasonal and year - to - year changes in Arctic sea ice, because they rely on this surface for essential activities such as hunting, traveling and breeding.

This is a proven phenomenon: Atlantic Ocean surface temperature is already being used to predict seasonal rainfall in South America.

In the new set - up, a real - world seasonal forecast driven by data on current sea - surface temperatures will be run alongside a simulated «no global warming» seasonal forecast, in which greenhouse gas emissions have been stripped ouIn the new set - up, a real - world seasonal forecast driven by data on current sea - surface temperatures will be run alongside a simulated «no global warming» seasonal forecast, in which greenhouse gas emissions have been stripped ouin which greenhouse gas emissions have been stripped out.

The paper «Seasonal ITCZ migration dynamically controls the location of the (sub) tropical Atlantic biogeochemical divide» highlights how dust blowing off Africa's deserts amplify surface levels of iron in the Atlantic that in turn control the spatial activity of nitrogen gas fixing phytoplankton and phosphate content in the Tropical Atlantic.

Roads are directly responsible for the deaths of reptiles and amphibians in Massachusetts during seasonal migrations to nesting sites, seasonal migrations from uplands to breeding wetlands, movement between wetlands and thermoregulation (basking) on road surfaces.

«More nitrogen has to come from somewhere to resupply both the nitrogen ice that is moving around Pluto's surface in seasonal cycles, and the nitrogen that is escaping off the top of the atmosphere as the result of heating by ultraviolet light from the Sun,» said Singer.

In some areas, boreholes that tap underground aquifers can augment water availability; in others, rivers and seasonal surface runoff can be used for irrigatioIn some areas, boreholes that tap underground aquifers can augment water availability; in others, rivers and seasonal surface runoff can be used for irrigatioin others, rivers and seasonal surface runoff can be used for irrigation.

Measurements taken by MESSENGER's Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer have revealed seasonal surges of calcium that occurred regularly over the first nine Mercury years since MESSENGER began orbiting the planet in March 2011.

They found that deep winter mixing, a seasonal process which carries colder and deeper, nutrient - rich water to the surface, plays the most important role in transporting iron to the surface.

She collected pollen and irradiated it in a lab for 3 minutes with UV light, simulating the amount of UV that can reach the Earth's surface in Patagonia and other regions in the southern hemisphere under the seasonal ozone hole.

The increase in sea surface temperature over the central and eastern equatorial Pacific known as El Niño, and the corresponding decrease known as La Niña, contribute to seasonal climate and weather fluctuations in many regions of the globe.

Seasonal decreases in land precipitation since the 1950s are the main cause for some of the drying trends, although large surface warming during the last two to three decades has also likely contributed to the drying.

Figure 5 - June - August surface temperature anomalies in 2009 - 2011 in units of °C (a), and in units of the local standard deviation of local seasonal - mean temperature (b).

Seasonal variations of glaciochemical, isotopic, and stratigraphic properties in Siple Dome, Antarctica, surface snow, Annals of Glaciology, 29, 38 - 44.

December - February surface temperature anomalies 2009 - 2011 in units of °C (a), and in units of the local standard deviation of local seasonal - mean temperature (b).

A new analysis published in the journal Environmental Research Letters establishes that seasonal forecast sea surface temperature (SSTs) can be used to perform probabilistic extreme - event attribution, thereby accelerating the time it takes climate scientists to understand and quantify the role of global warming in certain classes of extreme weather events.

Knutti, R., G.A. Meehl, M.R. Allen and D.A. Stainforth, 2006: Constraining climate sensitivity from the seasonal cycle in surface temperature.

«This weakening is revealed by a characteristic spatial and seasonal sea - surface temperature «fingerprint»,» Stefan Rahmstorf, from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, and colleagues wrote in one of the studies published in the journal Nature.

This seems to be associated with particular patterns of change in sea surface temperature in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, a teleconnection which is well - captured in climate models on seasonal timescales.

The seasonal distribution of marine Crenarchaeota in the oxic and ammonia - rich surface waters off Palmer Station, Antarctica [4], as well as a correlation of increasing crenarchaeal abundance with a nitrite (NO2 −) maximum are both consistent with the hypothesis that marine Crenarchaeota are capable of ammonia oxidation [25].

LIVETRACK 3.0 Dynamic time of day, seasonal, weather and road surface transitions affect vehicle performance, grip and handling in real - time.

«Coffee, seasonal fruit, spaghetti and rope» — this seemingly random list of items, which constituted the title of Dallas - based artist Stephen Lapthisophon's first solo exhibition in Houston, flagged just some of the matter suggested by the heavily worked surfaces of the twelve recent abstract compositions on paper and canvas included in the show.

These variations change the seasonal amount of sunlight falling on land surfaces in the northern and southern hemispheres.

The lapse rate within the troposphere is largely determined by convection, which redistributes any changes in radiative heating or cooling within the troposphere + surface so that all levels tend to shift temperature similarly (with some regional / latitudinal, diurnal, and seasonal exceptions, and some exceptions for various transient weather events).

Re 9 wili — I know of a paper suggesting, as I recall, that enhanced «backradiation» (downward radiation reaching the surface emitted by the air / clouds) contributed more to Arctic amplification specifically in the cold part of the year (just to be clear, backradiation should generally increase with any warming (aside from greenhouse feedbacks) and more so with a warming due to an increase in the greenhouse effect (including feedbacks like water vapor and, if positive, clouds, though regional changes in water vapor and clouds can go against the global trend); otherwise it was always my understanding that the albedo feedback was key (while sea ice decreases so far have been more a summer phenomenon (when it would be warmer to begin with), the heat capacity of the sea prevents much temperature response, but there is a greater build up of heat from the albedo feedback, and this is released in the cold part of the year when ice forms later or would have formed or would have been thicker; the seasonal effect of reduced winter snow cover decreasing at those latitudes which still recieve sunlight in the winter would not be so delayed).

There can / will be local and regional, latitudinal, diurnal and seasonal, and internal variability - related deviations to the pattern (in temperature and in optical properties (LW and SW) from components (water vapor, clouds, snow, etc.) that vary with weather and climate), but the global average effect is at least somewhat constrained by the global average vertical distribution of solar heating, which requires the equilibrium net convective + LW fluxes, in the global average, to be sizable and upward at all levels from the surface to TOA, thus tending to limit the extent and magnitude of inversions.)

Changes in land surface properties as the wet season progresses impact surface fluxes and boundary layer evolution on daily and seasonal time scales that feed back to cloud and rainfall generation.

ECHAM3 at T42 improved the seasonal cycle of surface temperature in seven regions, compared to the driving AOGCM, but overall surface temperature was too high (by 2 to 5ºC).

Knutti et al. (2006), using a different, perturbed physics ensemble, showed that models with a strong seasonal cycle in surface temperature tended to have larger climate sensitivity.

Following Nylo, the ocean surface temps are best compared with the seasonal signal in CO2 at Mauna Loa.

Using an ocean circulation model for the shelf, the authors find that surface temperatures may increase by 0.5 to 2.0 °C, seasonal surface salinity may drop by up to 2 PSS in some areas, and that Haida Eddies will strengthen, as will the Vancouver Island Coastal Current and freshwater discharges into coastal waters.

Landsea said that NOAA's seasonal outlooks focused on the other pieces of the puzzle that argued in favor of an above average to average season, namely the absence of El Nino and the presence of warm sea surface temperatures.

The seasonal variation in the earth's global average sea surface temperature is only about 0.5 degrees Kelvin, being hotter in April and colder in October (see e.g. http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/amsutemps/execute.csh?amsutemps).

The traditional indices (Southern Oscillation Index and various sea surface temperature indices) have fallen short in recent years as seasonal predictors within the Australian region.

Detailed analysis of the results suggests that year - round surface emissions of CO, probably from fossil fuel burning in East Asia, and seasonal biomass burning emissions in South - central Africa, are greatly underestimated in current inventories used to drive models.

The meeting will mainly cover the following themes, but can include other topics related to understanding and modelling the atmosphere: ● Surface drag and momentum transport: orographic drag, convective momentum transport ● Processes relevant for polar prediction: stable boundary layers, mixed - phase clouds ● Shallow and deep convection: stochasticity, scale - awareness, organization, grey zone issues ● Clouds and circulation feedbacks: boundary - layer clouds, CFMIP, cirrus ● Microphysics and aerosol - cloud interactions: microphysical observations, parameterization, process studies on aerosol - cloud interactions ● Radiation: circulation coupling; interaction between radiation and clouds ● Land - atmosphere interactions: Role of land processes (snow, soil moisture, soil temperature, and vegetation) in sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) prediction ● Physics - dynamics coupling: numerical methods, scale - separation and grey - zone, thermodynamic consistency ● Next generation model development: the challenge of exascale, dynamical core developments, regional refinement, super-parametrization ● High Impact and Extreme Weather: role of convective scale models; ensembles; relevant challenges for model development

«This weakening is revealed by a characteristic spatial and seasonal sea - surface temperature «fingerprint»,» Stefan Rahmstorf, from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, and colleagues wrote in one of the studies published in the journal Nature.

Specifically, the cloud cover is multiplied by the factor 1 + c T, where T, computed every time step, is the deviation of the global mean surface air temperature from the long - term mean in the model control run at the same point in the seasonal cycle and c is an empirical constant.

For example, Kosaka and Xie showed than when the El Niño - related changes in Pacific ocean temperature are entered into a model, it not only reproduced the global surface warming over the past 15 years but it also accurately reproduced regional and seasonal changes in surface temperatures.

When the flux is increased, the planet undergoes a decrease in surface albedo which is due to the melting of the permanent polar ice caps and the reduced seasonal snow cover.

This study shows that a weaker surface ocean current system produces colder coastal SST's along the Atlantic coast of Florida, thereby reducing the length and the total seasonal accumulation of rainfall in the wet season of Peninsular Florida relative to the simulation in which these currents are stronger.

Type 3 downscaling is applied, for example, for seasonal forecasts where slowly changing anomalies in the surface forcing (such as sea surface temperature) provide real - world information to constrain the downscaling results.

Type 3 dynamic downscaling takes lateral boundary conditions from a global model prediction forced by specified real world surface boundary conditions, such as for seasonal weather predictions based on observed sea surface temperatures, but the initial observed atmospheric conditions in the global model are forgotten.

Estimates of surface snow water equivalent (SWE) in alpine regions with seasonal melts are particularly difficult in areas of high vegetation density, topographic relief and snow accumulations.

Lukovich et al. (Centre for Earth Observation Science, U. of Manitoba); 4.6; Heuristic - Dynamics Investigation of dynamical atmospheric contributions in spring to sea ice conditions in fall, based on comparison of 2011 and 2007 stratospheric and surface winds and sea level pressure (SLP) in April and May suggests regional differences in sea ice extent in fall, in a manner consistent with recent studies highlighting the importance of coastal geometry in seasonal interpretations of sea ice cover (Eisenman, 2010).

The global warming signal itself is a multidecadal feature of the climate, but just like the seasonal example above, it has been possible at times to take one period of one temperature record - surface air temperatures in most cases - and do a «January - February» job with it, thereby making the claim that temperatures are flatlining or even cooling.

Seasonal decreases in land precipitation since the 1950s are the main cause for some of the drying trends, although large surface warming during the last two to three decades has also likely contributed to the drying.

The initial changes in temperature during this period are explained by changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun, which affects the amount of seasonal sunlight reaching the Earth's surface.