The difference
in total cholesterol between infant feeding groups varied slightly with the age of the subject at the outcome measurement.
In total, we were able to extract mean differences
in total cholesterol between those breastfed and formula - fed from all 17 eligible studies (representing 17 498 subjects); of these differences, 13 were based on the response of individual authors (11 703 subjects), whereas 4 were obtained from the published literature (Figure 1 and Table 1 for both).
Not exact matches
In a meta - regression analysis, the mean differences between feeding groups observed in each study were unrelated to the mean total cholesterol concentrations in that study (P = 0.42
In a meta - regression analysis, the mean differences
between feeding groups observed
in each study were unrelated to the mean total cholesterol concentrations in that study (P = 0.42
in each study were unrelated to the mean
total cholesterol concentrations
in that study (P = 0.42
in that study (P = 0.42).
The estimates for the 7 studies reporting exclusive feeding were more homogeneous (χ2 = 8, P = 0.23) than were the estimates from all 17 studies; the overall mean difference
in total cholesterol from the 7 studies reporting exclusive feeding was stronger (mean difference: − 0.15 mmol / L; 95 % CI: 0.23, − 0.06 mmol / L; Figure 3) than that
in the remaining 10 studies (14 388 subjects) that did not report exclusive feeding (mean difference: − 0.01 mmol / L; 95 % CI: − 0.06, 0.03 mmol / L; χ2 = 14, P = 0.12; test for difference
between groups, P = 0.005).
Meta - regression was also used to establish whether mean concentrations of
total cholesterol in each study had any effect on mean differences
between feeding groups.
Sui and colleagues used data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study to assess levels of
total cholesterol, low - density lipoprotein
cholesterol, high - density lipoprotein
cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol and triglycerides
in a
total of 11,418 individuals who were observed during health examinations
between 1970 and 2006 at the Cooper Clinic, Dallas, TX.
Globorisk measures cardiovascular risk
in individuals aged 40 or older by factoring
in the person's smoking status, blood pressure, diabetes status, and
total cholesterol level, whilst adjusting for the effects of sex and age on cardiovascular disease
between countries.
After controlling for age, education, smoking, B.M.I., diabetes, hypertension and other characteristics, the researchers found no association
between cardiovascular disease and
total cholesterol or egg consumption
in either carriers or noncarriers of ApoE4.
One 2014 study
in the medical journal Neurology found that, contrary to popular belief, there might actually be no association
between high
total cholesterol and stroke risk.
«This systematic review and meta - regression analysis of 108 randomised controlled trials using lipid modifying interventions did not show an association
between treatment mediated change
in high density lipoprotein
cholesterol and risk ratios for coronary heart disease events, coronary heart disease deaths, or
total deaths whenever change
in low density lipoprotein
cholesterol was taken into account.
Consuming
between 50 and 100 g of nuts at least five times a week as part of a healthy diet, with at least 35 %
total fat, can decrease
total cholesterol 2 — 16 % and LDL - C 2 — 19 %
in people with normal and elevated lipid levels.
We found a statistically significant, substantial association
between change
in low density lipoprotein
cholesterol and risk ratios for coronary heart disease events, coronary heart disease deaths, or
total deaths, adjusted for other lipid subfractions and drug class.»
«All fats raise serum
cholesterol; Nearly half of
total fat comes from vegetable fats and oils; No difference
between animal and vegetable fats
in effect on CHD (1953); Type of fat makes no difference; Need to reduce margarine and shortening (1956); All fats are comparable; Saturated fats raise and polyunsaturated fats lower serum
cholesterol; Hydrogenated vegetable fats are the problem; Animal fats are the problem (1957 - 1959).»
Perhaps surprisingly,
total cholesterol has only weak associations with heart disease and diabetes — weaker,
in fact, than the correlation
between these conditions and plant protein intake (+25 and +12, respectively).
Furthermore, positive associations
between TSH and LDL as well as
total cholesterol levels have been found
in cross-sectional studies
in euthyroid healthy subjects, and the strength of these associations seems to depend on an individual's insulin sensitivity.We therefore hypothesize that the KD has diminished the production of T3 from T4, thereby reducing the number of LDL receptors and thus reducing LDL particle clearance which might be further impaired due to the missing stimulating effect of insulin on LDL uptake into cells.
Note too that McDougall and Fuhrman both do not put much if any stock
in the necessity of achieving a
total cholesterol level below 150, a point of agreement
between them.
In the present study, the positive association
between added sugar intake and CVD mortality remained significant after adjusting for the conventional CVD risk factors, such as blood pressure and
total serum
cholesterol.