Sentences with phrase «in vacuoles»

On the right, you see the plant transporting the dissolved salts sodium and chloride first into the bladder and then in its vacuoles.

It might also be possible to improve the process by tinkering with sulfate levels in the environment, thereby changing the amount of sulfate in the vacuoles.

When the scientists recently gave mice a single dose of cocaine and looked for signs of autophagy in their brain cells, they detected autophagy - associated proteins and changes in vacuoles in adults and in mouse pups whose mothers had received cocaine while pregnant.

Perhaps they are simply waste, forming by accident in vacuoles that serve as storage depots for sulfate, said Krejci.

«To prevent arsenic toxicity, we think the fungus put the arsenic in «a safehouse» — storing it in its vacuole — before the toxin gets loaded to the grain,» explained Bais.

«We want to know if the experience of being in this vacuole upregulates a whole set of virulence traits that make the [surviving] bacteria more infectious,» Brandl says.

But Listeria builds a protein that burns holes in the vacuole membrane, allowing it to escape.

In vacuole degradation mutants like those used in Ohsumi's lab (right), the autophagosome contents that are delivered to the vacuole are not degraded and instead accumulate.

Then non-selective macroautophagy of the cytosol leads to accumulation of Pho8Δ60 in the vacuole, where it is cleaved to generate an active enzyme.

In both cases, red fluorescence in the vacuole increased with longer exposure to autophagy - inducing conditions.

Not exact matches

The self of the twentieth century is a voracious nought which expands like the feeding vacuole of an amoeba seeking to nourish and inform its own nothingness by ingesting new objects in the world but, like a vacuole, only succeeds in emptying them out.

Bacteria (colorized in blue) are located either in the cytosol or within a membrane - bound vacuole.

However, FPs have usage limitations for imaging in low pH environments, such as in acidic organelles, including endosomes, lysosomes, and plant vacuoles.

When Toxoplasma infects a mammalian cell, it uses part of the cell's membrane to wrap itself in a little sac, called a vacuole.

Rather, she says, the crystals appear to form because the vacuoles in which they collect are rich in sulfate.

But the crescent - shaped C. moniliferum caught Krejci's eye because of its unusual ability to remove strontium from water, depositing it in crystals that form in subcellular structures known as vacuoles — an knack that could include the radioactive isotope strontium 90.

The first real clue was the drug's ability to concentrate in the food vacuole — or so - called acid stomach — of the malaria parasite.

Ohsumi then used chemicals to induce more mutations in the yeast strains, looking for cells that failed to form visible vacuoles even when they were starving.

Usually yeast vacuoles were too small to see under the light microscope, but in the mutant yeast, they grew so large they were easy to observe.

The Listeria protein snippet apparently prompts the macrophage to obliterate the escaped protein once it's out of the vacuole but before it can get to the macrophage's outer membrane, suggests Patrick Berche, a microbiologist at the Necker Hospital in Paris.

Bright fluorescence was observed in parts considered to be vacuoles in the cells.

And indeed, as more of the eggs filled the screen of the monitor — some fertilized, most not — the cells frequently had large vacuoles, or fluid - filled bubbles, in their interior.

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy (MLC), caused by mutations in MLC1 and GlialCAM, is a rare disease that entails this type of vacuoles.

It is now clear that mutations in the cancer cell cause the violent ruffling, which leads to a high density of vacuoles (those fluid - filled bubbles visible within the cell).

As seen in Figure 2, the abnormal BM cells were found to exhibit eccentric, large, round - to - oval / convoluted nuclei with mostly fine chromatin and prominent nucleoli and moderate - to - abundant gray cytoplasm with several cells exhibiting multiple diminutive cytoplasmic vacuoles.

But the researchers uncovered something more — that the business end of the syringe device serves a critical role in directing bacterial traffic, thus controlling whether the bacteria become «chronic dwellers» inside the membrane - bound vacuole or break out into the cell fluid.

«Until now, it wasn't known how these pathogens decide to remain trapped inside a chamber - like vacuole or to move freely in the cellular fluid,» said microbiologist Leigh Knodler of WSU's Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, who co-led the study with Cammie Lesser of Harvard.

She treated the protein - degradation deficient strain with a chemical that induces random mutations, then screened these mutated strains in a two - step procedure: she first isolated all the strains that had trouble surviving starvation conditions, then she examined their vacuoles under the microscope to hone in on those with autophagy defects.

In normal cells, they would be rapidly degraded by the vacuolar enzymes, but in the mutants, they just kept arriving at the vacuole and were never broken dowIn normal cells, they would be rapidly degraded by the vacuolar enzymes, but in the mutants, they just kept arriving at the vacuole and were never broken dowin the mutants, they just kept arriving at the vacuole and were never broken down.

In higher plants, most of a cell's volume is taken up by a central vacuole, which primarily maintains its osmotic pressure.

When he moved back to Tokyo in 1977 to the lab of Yasuhiro Anraku, Ohsumi continued with his new study subject, but worked on transport systems that moved small molecules like amino acids and calcium into and out of the yeast version of the lysosome (idiosyncratically known by yeast biologists as the vacuole — which means «empty space»).

SEP's pH sensitivity means Rosella will fluoresce green unless it's in an acidic environment like the vacuole or lysosome.

Our results demonstrated that our 3D cell culture device enables a real - time imaging of giant vacuole formation and tracers crossing the cultured endothelial cell monolayer in a controlled experimental condition.

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting

Regardless of its nature, dorsoventral axis inversion (35) would have brought the ventral midline tissue into a dorsal position in the chordate lineage, and the appearance of incompressible vacuoles (14) would have gradually transformed it into a stiff rod of constant length; the amphioxus notochord could then be regarded a vestige of a contractile - cartilaginous transition.

(h) Likewise, LC3 immunopositive vacuoles increase significantly in G93A and WT mice administered lithium.

In fact, the number of beclin and LC3 positive vacuoles was increased by lithium (Fig. 4 g and h).

This is followed by the formation of giant cytoplasmic vacuoles in acinar cells, visible only by electron microscopy.

In Lagotto Romagnolo dogs, the LSD disease is characterized by widespread swelling and accumulation of clear vesicles (vacuoles) in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells of central and peripheral nervous systeIn Lagotto Romagnolo dogs, the LSD disease is characterized by widespread swelling and accumulation of clear vesicles (vacuoles) in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells of central and peripheral nervous systein the cytoplasm of neuronal cells of central and peripheral nervous system.

Photosynthesis happens in the «palisade» cells in the leaf: Palisade cells Close up on a palisade cell: Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleus Large vacuole Cytoplasm Chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll) How do Plant Roots Work?