Sentences with phrase «in ventral»

«There is increased activity in the ventral striatum which contains the nucleus accumbens, a structure of the brain associated with increased pleasure,» says Shuster.

Value computations in ventral medial prefrontal cortex during charitable decision making incorporate input from regions involved in social cognition

Individuals who were better able to delay as a child showed greater PFC activity in adolescence and adulthood when presented with a rewarding, tempting stimulus, whereas those who struggled with the delay task in childhood showed greater activity in the ventral striatum and less effective PFC recruitment when in the face of positive reward cues [25, 37 • •].

Stress lowers the activity in the ventral striatum, which reduces the person's engagement with rewarding and engaging situations and events, reduces the person's motivation, and increases the person's negative mood.

Relative to healthy controls, MDD youth displayed a potentiated response to peer rejection in a ventral network of brain regions involved in the identification of emotional and social stimuli and the generation of affective states (Phillips et al., 2003), including the sgACC, anterior insula, amygdala and NAcc.

For example, the overexpression of the V1aR in the ventral pallidum results in a strong partner preference formation in male prairie voles even in the absence of mating (Pitkow et al., 2001).

On the contrary, the knockdown of V1aR in the ventral pallidum of male prairie voles causes a deficit in partner preference formation (Barrett et al., 2013).

Epigenetic status of Gdnf in the ventral striatum determines susceptibility and adaptation to daily stressful events

Processing of the incentive for social approval in the ventral striatum during charitable donation

These whales are especially characterized by the dorsal fins present in their ventral pleats and their backs.

In keeping with models of choiceless utility, the differential activity in ventral striatum may be a «cleaner» signal of stable preference than can be obtained from an individual behavioral task.

«The study raises the intriguing possibility that loneliness may result from reduced reward - related activity in the ventral striatum in response to social rewards.»

Although loneliness may be influence brain activity, the research also suggests that activity in the ventral striatum may prompt feelings of loneliness, Decety said.

In the brain, the ghrelin receptor is located in the the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus, as well as in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens.

In each case, the effects of sucrose, saccharin or cocaine consumption on extracellular dopamine levels in the ventral striatum were estimated from the figures.

5alpha - Androstane - 3beta, 17 beta - diol (3beta - diol), an estrogenic metabolite of 5alpha - dihydrotestosterone, is a potent modulator of estrogen receptor ERbeta expression in the ventral prostrate of adult.

In the brain, they are located in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and arcuate nucleus, as well as in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens.

They found that in the brains of the mice, sweet taste is processed in the ventral striatum (which is part of the brain's reward system).

Dopamine (DA) neurons are found in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).

Kalenscher, T., Lansink, C. S., Lankelma, J. V. & Pennartz, C. M. A. Reward - associated gamma oscillations in ventral striatum are regionally differentiated and modulate local firing activity.

Here we used shRNA to model Shank3 insufficiency in the ventral tegmental area of mice.

UNC - 9:: GFP was widely expressed in the ventral nerve cord as puncta, but UNC - 7L was principally associated with cell bodies, and no co-localization was observed (Figure 10E).

It is interesting to note that low SI values in our ventral and dorsal attention modules (Figure 4) are in contrast to the stability of corresponding components found using ICA [5].

In contrast, the DLAmc and dorsal parts of the DLL exclusively showed overlap between tracer from the retina and neurons innervating the medial visual wulst (Fig. 2A, shown in magenta), whereas overlap between retinofugal fibers and neurons projecting only upon Cluster N was observed in ventral parts of the DLL and parts of the LdOPT and SpRt (Fig. 2A, shown in yellow).

(B) UNC - 9:: GFP is expressed more uniformly in the ventral nerve cord in unc - 7 (e5) animals, and clusters of puncta near B cell bodies are not discernible.

(A) In wild - type (wt; N2), UNC - 9:: GFP expressed in B motor neurons (Pacr - 5:: unc - 9:: gfp) visualizes puncta in the ventral nerve cord localized near B cell bodies.

UNC - 7S and UNC - 7SR are widely expressed and co-localize extensively with green fluorescent protein - tagged innexin UNC - 9 in the ventral and dorsal nerve cords.

For the measurement of hemolymph flow speeds in the ventral abdomen, mosquitoes were restrained ventral - side up by placing pins: (1) against (not through) the anterior pronotal lobe, and (2) through non-vascular areas (e.g. cell R3) of each wing without creating horizontal or vertical tension (Figure 1C).

A translational fusion of Punc - 7S in the GFP expression vector pPD95.67 (provided by A Fire) was injected at a concentration of 50 ng / μl and found to express in various head neurons but not in ventral nerve cord motor neurons.

Alpha motor neurons are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and are primarily affected in SMA.

At this stage animals are large enough such that the cell bodies of motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord are well spaced, making it less ambiguous in deciding if presumptive gap junction puncta are associated with a particular motor neuron.

DJ -1-deficient mice show less TH - positive neurons in the ventral tegmental area and exhibit non-motoric behavioural impairments

In rostral brain regions, high expression levels in the dorsal lateral striatum, while in the caudal brain regions, high levels are observed in the ventral lateral striatum (PubMed: 10891614).

The pygochord, a stiff vacuolated rod in the posterior trunk of ptychoderid hemichordates (34), lies dorsal to the ventral blood vessel in the ventral mesentery.

«Aggression is associated with greater subsequent alcohol consumption: A shared neural basis in the ventral striatum.»

Nicotine appears to cause addiction by strengthening the excitatory connections on the neurons that make dopamine, which are found in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) of the brain reward center.

Signs of neuroinflammation were seen throughout the CNS, most notably in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

In laboratory experiments, this brain scientist and her coworkers have seen increased activity in the ventral striatum whenever someone at any age is confronted by a risky decision or the offer of a reward.

Stained for Futsch (green, segmented sensory neurons and dispersed cell bodies in the ventral nerve cord) and Ank2 - L (magenta, segmented ventral nerve cord and a subset of sensory neurons).

Powell A., Sassa T., Wu Y.Q., Tessier - Lavigne M., and Polleux F. (2008) Netrin - 1 specifies the topography of thalamocortical projections in the ventral telencephalon through its attractive and repulsive activities.

For the imaging results, we discovered that positive reward was encoded in the ventral striatum and negative reward elicited higher activity in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex.

Her work has demonstrated that, for some types of memory, the entorhinal and perirhinal cortical regions in the ventral medial temporal lobe play a more important role than does the hippocampus.

For example, he demonstrated that nicotine - induced formation of the endocannabinoid 2 - AG in the ventral tegmental area is sensitized following chronic nicotine exposure.

The work is about finding the times of neurogenesis of the many inhibitory neurons that pattern motor output in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, so that our muscles contract in a coordinated manner to achieve the desired movements.

Through the combined use of in vivo microdialysis and behavioral and neuropharmacological techniques, his early work characterized the role of serotonin and its signaling via serotonin - 1B (5 - HT1B) receptors in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum in the rewarding actions of cocaine and ethanol.

These deficits can not be unambiguously ascribed to reduced DA release (because decreases in nondisplaceable binding potential were not blunted) but could reflect a downstream postsynaptic effect that in the ventral striatum (brain reward region) might contribute to marijuana's negative emotionality and addictive behaviors.

We predicted that MP's behavioral effects in marijuana abusers would be attenuated, consistent with preclinical findings (30), and that decreased DA reactivity in ventral striatum would be associated with higher scores in negative emotionality (neuroticism), which mediates genetic risk for marijuana dependence (31), and with addiction severity.

Thus, our results showing no differences in D2 / D3 receptor availability (except for a trend in ventral striatum), using a larger sample (24 marijuana abusers) than that used for studies that identified reductions in striatal D2 / D3 receptors in alcoholics and cocaine abusers, indicate that marijuana abusers, different from other drug abusers, do not show significant striatal D2 / D3 receptor reductions.

When we decreased the threshold of significance to uncorrected P < 0.05, SPM showed lower values in marijuana abusers than in controls in ventral striatum (0, − 2, − 8; statistical t values = 2.59, P uncorrected = 0.007).

Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum