Assessed components of the Double ABCX model
including child behaviour problems, pile - up of demands, social support, appraisal, and coping on maternal depression, social adjustment and health.
Not exact matches
As outlined in our new blog, numerous internationally respected studies make clear the importance of secure father -
child attachment —
including, for example, work by Dr Paul Ramchandani of Imperial College London which shows that «disengaged and remote father -
child interactions as early as the third month of life» predict
behaviour problems in
children when they are older [1] and US research showing that «verbal exchanges between fathers and their infants and between mothers and their infants each, independently and uniquely, predict pre-schoolers» social competence and lower aggression» [2].
A substantial body of research now indicates that high levels of involvement by fathers in two parent families are associated with a range of desirable outcomes in
children and young people,
including: better peer relationships; fewer
behaviour problems; lower criminality and substance abuse; higher educational / occupational mobility, relative to that of parents; capacity for empathy; non-traditional attitudes to earning and childcare; more satisfying adult sexual partnerships; and higher self - esteem and life - satisfaction (for reviews see Flouri 2005; Pleck and Masciadrelli 2004).
Low family income during the early childhood has been linked to comparatively less secure attachment, 4 higher levels of negative moods and inattention, 5 as well as lower levels of prosocial
behaviour in
children.2 The link between low family income and young
children's
problem behaviour has been replicated across several datasets with different outcome measures,
including parental reports of externalizing and internalizing behaviours,1 - 3, 7 -9,11-12 teacher reports of preschool behavioural
problems, 10 and assessments of
children based on clinical diagnostic interviews.7
Six models showed favourable effects on primary outcome measures (e.g., standardized measures of
child development outcomes and reduction in
behaviour problems).13 Only studies with outcomes using direct observation, direct assessment, or administrative records were
included.
The prognosis for
children with conduct
problems is poor, with outcomes in adulthood
including criminal
behaviour, alcoholism, drug abuse, domestic violence,
child abuse and a range of psychiatric disorders.
The prognosis for
children with conduct
problems is poor, with outcomes in adulthood
including criminal
behaviour, alcoholism, drug abuse, domestic violence,
child abuse and a range of psychiatric disorders [3 — 6].
Studies were
included if: (a) they were RCTs, (b) the population comprised parents / carers of
children up to the age of 18 where at least 50 % had a conduct
problem (defined using objective clinical criteria, the clinical cut - off point on a well validated
behaviour scale or informal diagnostic criteria), (c) the intervention was a structured, repeatable (manualised) parenting programme (any theoretical basis, setting or mode of delivery) and (d) there was at least one standardised outcome measuring
child behaviour.
A variety of studies suggest that fathers» engagement positively impacts their
children's social competence, 27 children's later IQ28 and other learning outcomes.29 The effects of fathers on children can include later - life educational, social and family outcomes.1, 2,26 Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence children's cognitive develo
children's social competence, 27
children's later IQ28 and other learning outcomes.29 The effects of fathers on children can include later - life educational, social and family outcomes.1, 2,26 Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence children's cognitive develo
children's later IQ28 and other learning outcomes.29 The effects of fathers on
children can include later - life educational, social and family outcomes.1, 2,26 Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence children's cognitive develo
children can
include later - life educational, social and family outcomes.1, 2,26
Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence children's cognitive develo
Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal
behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual
behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social
behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological
problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence
children's cognitive develo
children's cognitive development.35
These
include teenage motherhood, maternal educational under - achievement, poverty, parental antisocial
behaviour and other mental - health
problems, prenatal stress and maternal health, family violence,
child abuse and parenting difficulties.
In addition to night waking and sleep onset
problems,
children may also experience a range of undesirable
behaviours occurring during their sleep or sleep - wake transitions,
including sleepwalking, sleep talking, bedwetting, bruxism (i.e., grinding or clenching the teeth during sleep), sleep terrors, and rhythmic movement disorders (rocking the entire body from one side to another, rolling the head against the pillow).
These
include a greater focus on explicit teaching and modelling of pro-social and helpful
behaviour, helping
children manage their anxieties and fears rather than being dismissive of them, and being more explicit about the teaching of
problem - solving.
From the point of view of the
children of separating families, the costs of conflict can
include: impaired brain development; higher incidences of truancy and delinquency, alcohol and drug use and other maladaptive
behaviours; higher levels of stress and psychological disorder; and, in their lives as adults,
problems forming stable, trusting relationships and dispute resolution strategies modelled on their parents» approaches.
At para 16 of the House of Lords» judgment in R (on the application of McCann) v Crown Court at Manchester [2002] UKHL 39, [2002] 4 All ER 593 Lord Steyn defined the social
problem as
including «
behaviour which is criminal such as assaults and threats, particularly against old people and
children, criminal damage to individual property and amenities of the community, burglary, theft, and so forth.
SLD can lead to various
problems,
including substance abuse, it can also lead to violent
behaviour in
children.
Mothers most commonly reported that their
children were in the care of relatives (65 %) with 11 % reporting that their
child was in the
child protection system.15 Disruption to a
child's living arrangements,
including separation from parents and siblings, can result in psychological and emotional distress.16 17 A recent systematic review and meta - analysis of 40 studies that investigated
child outcomes when either parent was incarcerated found a significant association with antisocial
behaviour (pooled OR = 1.6, 95 % CI 1.4 to 1.9) and poor educational performance (pooled OR = 1.4, 95 % CI 1.1 to 1.8).18 Other research indicates that
children of incarcerated mothers are at risk of increased criminal involvement, mental health issues, physical health
problems, behavioural
problems, 19
child protection contact20 and poorer educational outcomes.21
FLNP aims to address the promotion of mental well - being in parents and
children as well as
behaviour management, thus potentially influencing resilience to a variety of mental health
problems including anxiety and depression throughout the life course.
Felitti and colleagues1 first described ACEs and defined it as exposure to psychological, physical or sexual abuse, and household dysfunction
including substance abuse (
problem drinking / alcoholic and / or street drugs), mental illness, a mother treated violently and criminal
behaviour in the household.1 Along with the initial ACE study, other studies have characterised ACEs as neglect, parental separation, loss of family members or friends, long - term financial adversity and witness to violence.2 3 From the original cohort of 9508 American adults, more than half of respondents (52 %) experienced at least one adverse childhood event.1 Since the original cohort, ACE exposures have been investigated globally revealing comparable prevalence to the original cohort.4 5 More recently in 2014, a survey of 4000 American
children found that 60.8 % of
children had at least one form of direct experience of violence, crime or abuse.6 The ACE study precipitated interest in the health conditions of adults maltreated as
children as it revealed links to chronic diseases such as obesity, autoimmune diseases, heart, lung and liver diseases, and cancer in adulthood.1 Since then, further evidence has revealed relationships between ACEs and physical and mental health outcomes, such as increased risk of substance abuse, suicide and premature mortality.4 7
Possible transformations that might be possible from data anticipated to be analysed in this review would also
include extrapolation of the number of fewer
behaviour problems per week for
children whose parents receive a parent skills training programme or the likelihood of a parent moving below a clinical threshold for depression.
A confluence of research has identified executive functioning deficits as a common characteristic of individuals with FASD.9 15 — 27 Damage to neurological structures,
including the prefrontal regions of the brain, is a significant hypothesised cause for these deficits.28 29 Executive functions are defined as a set of cognitive processes responsible for orchestrating purposeful, goal - directed
behaviour.15 30 31 These processes are responsible for the ability to plan, organise, attend,
problem solve and inhibit responses.31 It is also suggested that the ability to self - regulate emotional responses and behavioural actions is interrelated with the construct of executive functioning.17 28 32 Deficits in executive functioning and self - regulation can lead to learning and behavioural
problems that impact a
child's educational outcomes as they struggle to cope with the complex demands of school life.16 20
We will also
include two secondary
child outcomes:
child development and
problem behaviour.
Low family income during the early childhood has been linked to comparatively less secure attachment, 4 higher levels of negative moods and inattention, 5 as well as lower levels of prosocial
behaviour in
children.2 The link between low family income and young
children's
problem behaviour has been replicated across several datasets with different outcome measures,
including parental reports of externalizing and internalizing behaviours,1 - 3, 7 -9,11-12 teacher reports of preschool behavioural
problems, 10 and assessments of
children based on clinical diagnostic interviews.7
Misbehavior at home or school, underperforming at school,
children's anxiety and depression, supporting
children with special needs
including ADHD or ADD, self esteem issues, oppositional
behaviour, angry teenagers, and differences in parenting styles are only a few examples of the type of
problems that could be successfully addressed in family therapy.
The research shows that foster care can lead to benefits across a range of domains
including antisocial
behaviour, 21 sexual activity, 22 school attendance and academic achievement, 23 social
behaviour and quality of life24 compared with
children who remain at home or who reunify following foster care, and that enhanced foster care can produce even better outcomes in terms of fewer mental and physical health
problems.25
Neglect is by far the most common form of
child maltreatment reported to the U.S.
child welfare system; 78 % of reports in 2009 were for neglect.1 The short - and long - term outcomes associated with neglect are often serious,
including fatalities, physiological changes in the brain, academic difficulties, criminal
behaviour and mental health
problems.
This sample
included both parents of
children with
behaviour problems in the clinical range, and parents whose
children scored in the normal range.
Children may express their responses through a range of
behaviours,
including withdrawing, performing less well or better than usual at school, behavioural
problems or feelings of sickness such as headaches or stomach aches.
The Together Parenting Program is designed for parents with
children in primary or lower secondary schools (aged 5 - 14 years) who have emotional and
behaviour problems including aggression, hyperactivity, anxiety, phobias, depression, social withdrawal, sibling rivalry, difficult parent -
child relationships, or problematic peer relationships.
A psychological scale seeks to identify and evaluate patients who may have current disorders but have not sought treatment.20 Currently, widely used mental /
behaviour problem scales for
children and adolescents include the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist, 21 Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, 22 Rutter's Behavior Scale, 23 Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, 24 Zung's Self - Rating Anxiety Rating Scale (SAS), 25 Zung's Self - Rating Depression Scale (SDS), 26 Children's Depression Inventory, 27 Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, 28 Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale,
children and adolescents
include the Achenbach
Child Behavior Checklist, 21 Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, 22 Rutter's Behavior Scale, 23 Spence
Children's Anxiety Scale, 24 Zung's Self - Rating Anxiety Rating Scale (SAS), 25 Zung's Self - Rating Depression Scale (SDS), 26 Children's Depression Inventory, 27 Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, 28 Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale,
Children's Anxiety Scale, 24 Zung's Self - Rating Anxiety Rating Scale (SAS), 25 Zung's Self - Rating Depression Scale (SDS), 26
Children's Depression Inventory, 27 Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, 28 Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale,
Children's Depression Inventory, 27
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, 28 Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale, 29 etc..
The remaining 108 items assessed a range of
child mental health and well - being constructs,
including: Social Integration, Prosocial
Behaviour, Peer Relationship
Problems, Supportive Relationships (at home, school and in the community), Empathy, Emotional Symptoms, Conduct
Problems, Aggression, Attention, Inhibitory Control, Hyperactivity - Inattention, Total Difficulties (internalising and externalising psychopathology), Perceptual Sensitivity, Psychotic - Like Experiences, Personality, Self - esteem, Daytime Sleepiness and Connection to Nature (engagement with natural environment).
Disruptive
behaviour problems (DBPs),
including Attention - Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) represent a major long - term burden to
children, families, and the community at large.
Childhood risk factors were assessed up to 9 years of age: neurodevelopmental characteristics (perinatal insults, gross motor skills, and intelligence quotient); parental characteristics (mother's internalising symptoms,
including depression and anxiety, mother —
child interactions, criminal conviction history, and parental disagreement about discipline); family characteristics (number of residence changes, socioeconomic status, unwanted sexual contact, and loss of a parent); and
child behaviour and temperament (inhibited or undercontrolled temperament, peer
problems, and depressive symptoms).
The IY basic parent programme has been used, with adaptations, with parents whose
children had a diagnosis of ASD and / or developmental delay, along with significant
behaviour problems, with promising results13, 20
including when evaluated using a randomised controlled trial (RCT) design.21
The Development /
Behaviour Clinic at the Centre for Community Child Health supports preschool and primary school children with learning difficulties, behaviour problems and developmental delay including language, motor skills and t
Behaviour Clinic at the Centre for Community
Child Health supports preschool and primary school
children with learning difficulties,
behaviour problems and developmental delay including language, motor skills and t
behaviour problems and developmental delay
including language, motor skills and toileting.
Despite the programme's positive impact on
children's emotional literacy skills, results from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [33] revealed that the programme did not have a significant positive effect on the intervention group's emotional and behavioural
problems including the subscales, emotional symptoms, hyperactivity, peer relationship
problems and prosocial
behaviour.
In addition,
child maltreatment has been shown to have lifelong adverse health, social, and economic consequences for survivors,
including behavioural
problems; increased risk of delinquency, criminality and violent
behaviour; increased risk of chronic diseases; lasting impacts or disability from physical injury; reduced health - related quality of life; and lower levels of economic well - being.
Parent - infant dyads (
including foster or adoptive carers), where the infant is aged between birth and four years 11 months, and where
problems have been identified regarding the parent (e.g. bonding, depression, eating disorders, maltreatment) or the
child (e.g. attachment or
behaviour problems, challenging temperament, preterm birth).
The scale
includes 25 questions which are used to measure five aspects of the
child's development - emotional symptoms, conduct
problems, hyperactivity / inattention, peer relationship
problems and pro-social
behaviour.
In turn, maternal health
problems have been identified as a significant factor associated with
child outcomes,
including behaviour difficulties (Barnes et al., 2010; Kelly and Bartley, 2010).
While many young
children steal a few times, some
children have serious
behaviour problems including stealing a lot.
This study found the most significant
problem identified by siblings was the disruption caused by the
behaviour of the
child with the condition.Examples of this disruptive
behaviour included physical and verbal aggression, out - of - control hyperactivity, emotional and social immaturity, academic underachievement and learning
problems, family conflicts, poor peer relationships, and difficult relationships with extended family.
Longitudinal research indicates that young
children who develop disruptive
behaviour problems are at an elevated risk for a host of negative outcomes
including chronic aggression and conduct
problems, substance abuse, poor emotion regulation, school failure, peer
problems and delinquency.4, 5 Early - appearing externalizing
behaviours can disrupt relationships with parents and peers, initiating processes that can maintain or exacerbate
children's behavioural
problems.6 Therefore, very early intervention (e.g., in day care, preschool, or kindergarten) can be important in interrupting the potential path to chronic aggression in
children who display aggressive
behaviour or who are at risk for developing aggressive
behaviour.
Recent reviews11, 12 have identified a number of PMT interventions that have a strong evidence base for improving conduct -
problem behaviour in preschool - age
children,
including Helping the Noncompliant
Child, 24 the Incredible Years, 25 Parent -
Child Interaction Therapy, 26 Parent Management Training - Oregon, 27 and Triple P (Positive Parenting Program).28
Parents are trained in defining, monitoring, and tracking
child behaviour; in positive reinforcement procedures,
including praise and other forms of positive parent attention and token or point systems; in extinction and mild punishment procedures, such as ignoring, response cost, and time out in lieu of physical punishment; in giving clear instructions or commands; and in
problem solving.
A variety of studies suggest that fathers» engagement positively impacts their
children's social competence, 27 children's later IQ28 and other learning outcomes.29 The effects of fathers on children can include later - life educational, social and family outcomes.1, 2,26 Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence children's cognitive develo
children's social competence, 27
children's later IQ28 and other learning outcomes.29 The effects of fathers on children can include later - life educational, social and family outcomes.1, 2,26 Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence children's cognitive develo
children's later IQ28 and other learning outcomes.29 The effects of fathers on
children can include later - life educational, social and family outcomes.1, 2,26 Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence children's cognitive develo
children can
include later - life educational, social and family outcomes.1, 2,26
Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence children's cognitive develo
Children may develop working models of appropriate paternal
behaviour based on early childhood cues such as father presence, 30,31 in turn shaping their own later partnering and parenting dynamics, such as more risky adolescent sexual
behaviour32 and earlier marriage.33 Paternal engagement decreases boys» negative social
behaviour (e.g., delinquency) and girls» psychological
problems in early adulthood.34 Fathers» financial support, apart from engagement, can also influence
children's cognitive develo
children's cognitive development.35
Existing research points to many valuable outcomes of parenting programmes
including improved maternal psychosocial health (Barlow and Coren, 2000), improved relationships (Grimshaw and McGuire, 1998; Smith, 1997) and reduced
child behaviour problems (Barlow, 1999; Patterson et al., 1993; 2002b).
A range of questionnaires are available to evaluate behavioural and emotional
problems of
children and adolescents, several of these have been validated for use in Chinese populations,
including the
Child Behaviour Checklist, the Rutter Questionnaires, and the Conner's Questionnaires [10 — 13].
Some studies
included parents of
children with clinical level
behaviour problems alongside high - risk groups.
The questionnaire at 36 months
included a total of 11 questions about hyperactivity, impulsivity and attention
problems; six items from the
child behaviour checklist (CBCL / 1.5 — 5)[40], and five items from the DSM - IV - TR criteria for ADHD [41].
The current chapter provides an overview of the research into foster
children's mental health,
including misdiagnosis and diagnostic dilemmas, and the effect of foster care and placement disruption on
behaviour problems.