Sentences with phrase «including earlier initiation»

The continued fall in transmission rates is thought to be due to a combination of factors including earlier initiation of antenatal combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and an increase in the number of women already on cART when they conceive.

Not exact matches

The highest rates of breastfeeding are observed among higher - income, college - educated women > 30 years of age living in the Mountain and Pacific regions of the United States.60 Obstacles to the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding include physician apathy and misinformation,61 - 63 insufficient prenatal breastfeeding education, 64 disruptive hospital policies, 65 inappropriate interruption of breastfeeding, 62 early hospital discharge in some populations, 66 lack of timely routine follow - up care and postpartum home health visits, 67 maternal employment68, 69 (especially in the absence of workplace facilities and support for breastfeeding), 70 lack of broad societal support, 71 media portrayal of bottle - feeding as normative, 72 and commercial promotion of infant formula through distribution of hospital discharge packs, coupons for free or discounted formula, and television and general magazine advertising.73, 74

Obstacles to initiation and continuation of breastfeeding include insufficient prenatal education about breastfeeding132, 133; disruptive hospital policies and practices134; inappropriate interruption of breastfeeding135; early hospital discharge in some populations136; lack of timely routine follow - up care and postpartum home health visits137; maternal employment138, 139 (especially in the absence of workplace facilities and support for breastfeeding) 140; lack of family and broad societal support141; media portrayal of bottle feeding as normative142; commercial promotion of infant formula through distribution of hospital discharge packs, coupons for free or discounted formula, and some television and general magazine advertising143, 144; misinformation; and lack of guidance and encouragement from health care professionals.135, 145,146

For six of these steps, substantial improvement in reported hospital implementation occurred from 2007 to 2013, including having a model breastfeeding policy (11.7 % to 26.3 %), assessment of staff competency (44.6 % to 60.2 %), early initiation of breastfeeding (43.5 % to 64.8 %), rooming - in (30.8 % to 44.8 %), teaching feeding cues (77.0 % to 87.3 %), and limiting use of pacifiers (25.3 % to 45.0 %).

Individual risk factors for perpetration include alcohol and drug use, delinquency, empathic deficits, general aggressiveness and acceptance of violence, early sexual initiation, coercive sexual fantasies, preference for impersonal sex and sexual - risk taking, exposure to sexually explicit media, hostility towards women, adherence to traditional gender role norms, hyper - masculinity, suicidal behavior, and prior sexual victimization or perpetration.

We explore whether such experiences are independent risk factors for IPV victimization and perpetration, even when accounting for aggressive behaviors and related risk taking, including drinking and sexual initiation, during early adolescence.

Analysis of the recent National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 35 a nationally representative sample of school - attending adolescents, indicated that contact between parents and adolescents is a major protective factor for a wide range of risk behaviors, including early sexual initiation.

The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) Synchrony during early mother - child interactions has neurophysiological correlates [85] as evidenced though the study of vagal tone [78], cortisol levels [80], and skin conductance [79]; (2) Synchrony impacts infant's cognitive processing [64], school adjustment [86], learning of word - object relations [87], naming of object wholes more than object parts [88]; and IQ [67], [89]; (3) Synchrony is correlated with and / or predicts better adaptation overall (e.g., the capacity for empathy in adolescence [89]; symbolic play and internal state speech [77]; the relation between mind - related comments and attachment security [90], [91]; and mutual initiation and mutual compliance [74], [92]-RRB-; (3) Lack of synchrony is related to at risk individuals and / or temperamental difficulties such as home observation in identifying problem dyads [93], as well as mother - reported internalizing behaviors [94]; (4) Synchrony has been observable within several behavioral or sensorial modalities: smile strength and eye constriction [52]; tonal and temporal analysis of vocal interactions [95](although, the association between vocal interactions and synchrony differs between immigrant (lower synchrony) and non-immigrant groups [84]-RRB-; mutual gaze [96]; and coordinated movements [37]; (5) Each partner (including the infant) appears to play a role in restoring synchrony during interactions: children have coping behaviors for repairing interactive mismatches [97]; and infants are able to communicate intent and to respond to the intent expressed by the mother at the age of 2 months [98].