Sentences with phrase «including federal jurisdictions»

When you apply for admission without examination, be sure to include with your Vermont application a certificate of good standing from every jurisdiction in which you have been admitted, including federal jurisdictions.

Not exact matches

The following counties have been declared for Public Assistance (Category B) including Direct Federal Assistance, as they are sheltering jurisdictions:
Once the power is used and affirmed by the legislature, all ancillary works to the pipeline are included in federal jurisdiction.
No matter, federal jurisdiction over the environment — including the jurisdiction to impose a national price on carbon — may also be based on its taxation power, or on its residual jurisdiction over matters of «national concern» under the Peace, Order, and Good Governance (POGG) power.
The ServSafe Food Protection Manager Certification Exam, which is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)- Conference for Food Protection (CFP) and is recognized by more federal, state and local jurisdictions than any other food safety certification, including Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa.
•» [W] e respectfully request that the [Federal Election] Commission does not allow the state party to cynically circumvent our state's carefully tailored pay - to - play state contractor provisions by glibly including a stray get - out - the - vote message in a communication that... promotes a Connecticut candidate, and then contending that the inclusion of a minute phone number and the polling hours transforms the communication into federal election activity outside the jurisdiction of the SEEC.Federal Election] Commission does not allow the state party to cynically circumvent our state's carefully tailored pay - to - play state contractor provisions by glibly including a stray get - out - the - vote message in a communication that... promotes a Connecticut candidate, and then contending that the inclusion of a minute phone number and the polling hours transforms the communication into federal election activity outside the jurisdiction of the SEEC.federal election activity outside the jurisdiction of the SEEC.»
The FBI has a wide range of jurisdictions, including counterterrorism, organized crime, white - collar crime, violent crime, civil rights investigations, bank robbery, kidnapping, foreign counterintelligence, drug trafficking, and many other violations of 260 federal statutes.
You agree that jurisdiction over and venue in any legal proceeding directly or indirectly arising out of or relating to this site (including but not limited to the purchase of Integrative Health Care, P.C. products) shall be in the state or federal courts located in Maricopa County, Arizona.
You agree that jurisdiction over and venue in any legal proceeding directly or indirectly arising out of or relating to this site (including but not limited to the purchase of Activation Products products) shall be in the state or federal courts located in Los Angeles County, California.
Some of the major conflicting moments include that of a physical battle between the medical examiner and the federal Secret Service men over possession of the body, the former insisting that the crime is one in which the state has jurisdiction (true) and that no body may leave without his autopsy.
Another major push comes from the federal Every Student Succeeds Act's encouragement of states to include school quality in their rating systems, with school climate as a key metric in many jurisdictions.
Nevertheless, the re-emphasis on student achievement test scores that is reflected in federal legislation, including value - added teacher evaluation and student - competency laws, have contributed to the return of this practice in some jurisdictions.
Members of Congress introduced a number of competing privacy bills in 2014 that will continue to be the subject of debate in 2015, including measures designed to update the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and expand the Federal Trade Commission's jurisdiction to cover for profit and non-profit entities handling student data.
Additionally, NSBA urges Congress to maximize the investment in the Impact Aid Program — which provides essential funding to districts with tax - exempt federal properties within their jurisdictionsincluding that for federal properties payments.
Re: the US News article on top about ESSA: Chairwoman Foxx is right about the role of the federal government in America's K - 12 education system; and families can continue to pressure educrats like Mr Botel by opting out, wherever and whenever possible, from their local state schools until the federal government gives up on the continuing mistake of its annual testing requirement in two subjects only, which has produced no significant improvement in American education for 15 years now, but has cost us in lost opportunities, including time and energy that might have been devoted to non-tested subjects, including those in the broader curricula represented by the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, which requires assessment — including but not limited to external final exams — in six subjects distributed over at least five fields, an assessment approach that has been imitated by the world's leading educational jurisdictions, but is being discouraged by the ignorant Luddites in the the U.S. ED.
Sole and exclusive jurisdiction for any action or proceeding arising out of or related to this Agreement, including application and / or interpretation of the arbitration provision, or CRA's services shall be an appropriate state of federal court located in Laramie County in the state of Wyoming.
Broadly speaking, when individuals or businesses set up corporate entities in low or no - tax foreign jurisdictions for the purposes of avoiding taxes in their home countries, it raises serious questions about how the federal government should address it, including expanding the responsibilities of the Canada Revenue Agency to tighten enforcement.
To the fullest extent permitted by law, by your access to the Sites, you agree that: (i) any claim, dispute or cause of action regarding the Sites or these Terms shall be brought individually (NOT AS PART OF A CLASS ACTION) in the federal or state courts of the State of New York, and, such claim / dispute / cause of action will be resolved by a judge and THE RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL IS HEREBY EXPRESSLY WAIVED; (ii) you consent to the personal jurisdiction of such courts as the exclusive tribunal for adjudication of any such claim / dispute / cause of action, expressly waiving any right of forum non convenience, change of venue or like right; (iii) your recovery will be limited to actual out - of - pocket costs involved in specifically accessing the Sites (if any) and you expressly waive your right to all other forms of recovery, including by way of example only, punitive, consequential, indirect, incidental, special and exemplary damages as well as attorneys» fees for bringing such claim / dispute / cause of action; and (iv) the court shall apply the law of the State of New York in adjudicating any such claim / dispute / cause of action, except for the choice of law / conflict of law rules of the State of New York (or of any other jurisdiction which would result in the application of the law of any jurisdiction other than the State of New York).
Some portions of the Point Loma peninsula are not under the jurisdiction of the city, including the federal and military lands as well as the bayside tidelands governed by the Port of San Diego.
Upon Mr. Pruitt's confirmation, the Trump administration intends to waste little time issuing directives scaling back high - profile EPA regulations, including a rule cutting carbon emissions from power plants and another bringing more bodies of water under federal jurisdiction, according to several people close to the administration.
Carbon removal approaches span many industries (including energy, agriculture, and forestry), and thus research into this topic falls under the jurisdiction of a number of Federal agencies.
Other subjects covered in the course included federal subject matter jurisdiction, the applicable law in the federal courts in diversity of citizenship cases — i.e., the Erie doctrine.
Doing so will further enhance the flexibility and cost - effectiveness of a PRPP by allowing it to include members from multiple jurisdictions, but bringing the provinces within the federal tent requires a multi-lateral agreement between the governments of Canada and participating provinces.
The issue of solitary confinement is now being investigated at all levels of government, in multiple jurisdictions, including by the Ontario Ombudsman, the Ontario Human Rights Commission, the federal government, and now the B.C Supreme Court.
This easy to use service gives you fast, efficient access to the latest unreported judgments from around Australia, including the High Court, Federal Court, State Supreme Courts and other selected jurisdiction.
The Federal Court has jurisdiction, including enforcing judgments across Canada.
On the other hand, disputes that involve contract disputes or breaches, including licensing agreements may be outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Court and can only be brought in the provincial court.
Key Jurisdictions: Brooks Kushman has successfully tried cases before federal and state courts around the nation, including:
[2] Prior to Gunn, state and federal courts applying this test frequently applied federal jurisdiction over state - law claims with embedded patent issues, including breach of contract claims involving patent licenses, defamation, and legal malpractice claims.
Notable mandates: Successfully represented Toronto mayor Rob Ford in a libel and defamation action; representing former Liberal MP Borys Wrzesnewskyj in litigation proceeding contesting election in Etobicoke Centre; acting on the establishment of a large residential real estate private equity fund; a complex reorganization of an existing real estate private equity fund into private REIT, the investors in which include several of Canada's largest pension plans and mutual funds; acted for the purchaser in excess of 230 quick service restaurants in Ontario, B.C., and Quebec; acted for management in a proxy dispute involving an interlisted TSX and ASX company, involving various interest holders in several international jurisdictions; represented Pharmascience Inc. at Federal Court of Canada; represented clients such as Apotex Inc. in trademark dispute; represented Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association in matters before the Trademark Opposition Board.
This includes testimony and document preparation for cases before state, and federal court jurisdictions, and the International Trade Commission.
Federal crimes include many federal regulatory and «white - collar» crimes, drug crimes and common law crimes coming within federal jurisdFederal crimes include many federal regulatory and «white - collar» crimes, drug crimes and common law crimes coming within federal jurisdfederal regulatory and «white - collar» crimes, drug crimes and common law crimes coming within federal jurisdfederal jurisdiction.
We have successfully litigated and tried patent cases in jurisdictions all across the United States, including proceedings before the International Trade Commission, and appeals before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the Ninth Circuit.
In many jurisdictions (including federal), any attorney admitted to practice in a court can, as an officer of the court, issue a subpoena in the name of the court.
The databank of precedent facta seems to be a useful additional tool on one's desktop, as well as the annotated Rules of most jurisdictions across Canada including Federal and the SCC.
Succession rights also exist under the Public Service Staff Relations Act for federal Public Service organizations including the movement of Public Service functions to other Public Service employers under the jurisdiction of the Act.
Finally, some jurisdictions have already hived off the chief prosecutorial functions in several jurisdictions including the federal, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and Quebec.
In the Federal jurisdiction, when a business is sold, leased, transferred, or merged with another business or part of it, or otherwise disposed of succession rights exist under Part 1 of the Canada Labour Code for federal organizations outside the Public Service including the movement of Public Service functions to any public or private sector employer operating under the jurisdiction of thFederal jurisdiction, when a business is sold, leased, transferred, or merged with another business or part of it, or otherwise disposed of succession rights exist under Part 1 of the Canada Labour Code for federal organizations outside the Public Service including the movement of Public Service functions to any public or private sector employer operating under the jurisdiction of thfederal organizations outside the Public Service including the movement of Public Service functions to any public or private sector employer operating under the jurisdiction of the Code.
Business Development: Brokering various business dealings that further the diversification of Indian economies Developing and accessing commercial financial programs and services for tribal governments, including tax - exempt offerings and federally - guaranteed housing loans Serving as issuer or underwriter's counsel in tribal bond issuances Ensuring tribal compliance with Bank Secrecy Act and other federal financial regulatory requirements Handling federal and state income, excise, B&O, property and other tax matters for tribes and tribal businesses Chartering tribal business enterprises under tribal, state and federal law Registering and protecting tribal trademarks and copyrights Negotiating franchise agreements for restaurants and retail stores on Indian reservations Custom - tailoring construction contracts for tribes and general contractors Helping secure federal SBA 8 (a) and other contracting preferences for Indian - owned businesses Facilitating contractual relations between tribes and tribal casinos, and gaming vendors Building tribal workers» compensation and self - insurance programs Government Relations: Handling state and federal regulatory matters in the areas of tribal gaming, environmental and cultural resources, workers» compensation, taxation, health care and education Negotiating tribal - state gaming compacts and fuel and cigarette compacts, and inter-local land use and law enforcement agreements Advocacy before the Washington State Gambling Commission, Washington Indian Gaming Association and National Indian Gaming Commission Preparing tribal codes and regulations, including tribal court, commercial, gaming, taxation, energy development, environmental and cultural resources protection, labor & employment, and workers» compensation laws Developing employee handbooks, manuals and personnel policies Advocacy in areas of treaty rights, gaming, jurisdiction, taxation, environmental and cultural resource protection Brokering fee - to - trust and related real estate and jurisdictional transactions Litigation & Appellate Services: Handling complex Indian law litigation, including commercial, labor & employment, tax, land use, treaty rights, natural and cultural resource matters Litigating tribal trust mismanagement claims against the United States, and evaluating tribal and individual property claims under the Indian Claims Limitation Act Defending tribes and tribal insureds from tort claims brought against them in tribal, state and federal courts, including defense tenders pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act Assisting tribal insureds in insurance coverage negotiations, and litigation Representing individual tribal members in tribal and state civil and criminal proceedings, including BIA prosecutions and Indian probate proceedings Assisting tribal governments with tribal, state and federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal federal financial regulatory requirements Handling federal and state income, excise, B&O, property and other tax matters for tribes and tribal businesses Chartering tribal business enterprises under tribal, state and federal law Registering and protecting tribal trademarks and copyrights Negotiating franchise agreements for restaurants and retail stores on Indian reservations Custom - tailoring construction contracts for tribes and general contractors Helping secure federal SBA 8 (a) and other contracting preferences for Indian - owned businesses Facilitating contractual relations between tribes and tribal casinos, and gaming vendors Building tribal workers» compensation and self - insurance programs Government Relations: Handling state and federal regulatory matters in the areas of tribal gaming, environmental and cultural resources, workers» compensation, taxation, health care and education Negotiating tribal - state gaming compacts and fuel and cigarette compacts, and inter-local land use and law enforcement agreements Advocacy before the Washington State Gambling Commission, Washington Indian Gaming Association and National Indian Gaming Commission Preparing tribal codes and regulations, including tribal court, commercial, gaming, taxation, energy development, environmental and cultural resources protection, labor & employment, and workers» compensation laws Developing employee handbooks, manuals and personnel policies Advocacy in areas of treaty rights, gaming, jurisdiction, taxation, environmental and cultural resource protection Brokering fee - to - trust and related real estate and jurisdictional transactions Litigation & Appellate Services: Handling complex Indian law litigation, including commercial, labor & employment, tax, land use, treaty rights, natural and cultural resource matters Litigating tribal trust mismanagement claims against the United States, and evaluating tribal and individual property claims under the Indian Claims Limitation Act Defending tribes and tribal insureds from tort claims brought against them in tribal, state and federal courts, including defense tenders pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act Assisting tribal insureds in insurance coverage negotiations, and litigation Representing individual tribal members in tribal and state civil and criminal proceedings, including BIA prosecutions and Indian probate proceedings Assisting tribal governments with tribal, state and federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal federal and state income, excise, B&O, property and other tax matters for tribes and tribal businesses Chartering tribal business enterprises under tribal, state and federal law Registering and protecting tribal trademarks and copyrights Negotiating franchise agreements for restaurants and retail stores on Indian reservations Custom - tailoring construction contracts for tribes and general contractors Helping secure federal SBA 8 (a) and other contracting preferences for Indian - owned businesses Facilitating contractual relations between tribes and tribal casinos, and gaming vendors Building tribal workers» compensation and self - insurance programs Government Relations: Handling state and federal regulatory matters in the areas of tribal gaming, environmental and cultural resources, workers» compensation, taxation, health care and education Negotiating tribal - state gaming compacts and fuel and cigarette compacts, and inter-local land use and law enforcement agreements Advocacy before the Washington State Gambling Commission, Washington Indian Gaming Association and National Indian Gaming Commission Preparing tribal codes and regulations, including tribal court, commercial, gaming, taxation, energy development, environmental and cultural resources protection, labor & employment, and workers» compensation laws Developing employee handbooks, manuals and personnel policies Advocacy in areas of treaty rights, gaming, jurisdiction, taxation, environmental and cultural resource protection Brokering fee - to - trust and related real estate and jurisdictional transactions Litigation & Appellate Services: Handling complex Indian law litigation, including commercial, labor & employment, tax, land use, treaty rights, natural and cultural resource matters Litigating tribal trust mismanagement claims against the United States, and evaluating tribal and individual property claims under the Indian Claims Limitation Act Defending tribes and tribal insureds from tort claims brought against them in tribal, state and federal courts, including defense tenders pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act Assisting tribal insureds in insurance coverage negotiations, and litigation Representing individual tribal members in tribal and state civil and criminal proceedings, including BIA prosecutions and Indian probate proceedings Assisting tribal governments with tribal, state and federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal federal law Registering and protecting tribal trademarks and copyrights Negotiating franchise agreements for restaurants and retail stores on Indian reservations Custom - tailoring construction contracts for tribes and general contractors Helping secure federal SBA 8 (a) and other contracting preferences for Indian - owned businesses Facilitating contractual relations between tribes and tribal casinos, and gaming vendors Building tribal workers» compensation and self - insurance programs Government Relations: Handling state and federal regulatory matters in the areas of tribal gaming, environmental and cultural resources, workers» compensation, taxation, health care and education Negotiating tribal - state gaming compacts and fuel and cigarette compacts, and inter-local land use and law enforcement agreements Advocacy before the Washington State Gambling Commission, Washington Indian Gaming Association and National Indian Gaming Commission Preparing tribal codes and regulations, including tribal court, commercial, gaming, taxation, energy development, environmental and cultural resources protection, labor & employment, and workers» compensation laws Developing employee handbooks, manuals and personnel policies Advocacy in areas of treaty rights, gaming, jurisdiction, taxation, environmental and cultural resource protection Brokering fee - to - trust and related real estate and jurisdictional transactions Litigation & Appellate Services: Handling complex Indian law litigation, including commercial, labor & employment, tax, land use, treaty rights, natural and cultural resource matters Litigating tribal trust mismanagement claims against the United States, and evaluating tribal and individual property claims under the Indian Claims Limitation Act Defending tribes and tribal insureds from tort claims brought against them in tribal, state and federal courts, including defense tenders pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act Assisting tribal insureds in insurance coverage negotiations, and litigation Representing individual tribal members in tribal and state civil and criminal proceedings, including BIA prosecutions and Indian probate proceedings Assisting tribal governments with tribal, state and federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal federal SBA 8 (a) and other contracting preferences for Indian - owned businesses Facilitating contractual relations between tribes and tribal casinos, and gaming vendors Building tribal workers» compensation and self - insurance programs Government Relations: Handling state and federal regulatory matters in the areas of tribal gaming, environmental and cultural resources, workers» compensation, taxation, health care and education Negotiating tribal - state gaming compacts and fuel and cigarette compacts, and inter-local land use and law enforcement agreements Advocacy before the Washington State Gambling Commission, Washington Indian Gaming Association and National Indian Gaming Commission Preparing tribal codes and regulations, including tribal court, commercial, gaming, taxation, energy development, environmental and cultural resources protection, labor & employment, and workers» compensation laws Developing employee handbooks, manuals and personnel policies Advocacy in areas of treaty rights, gaming, jurisdiction, taxation, environmental and cultural resource protection Brokering fee - to - trust and related real estate and jurisdictional transactions Litigation & Appellate Services: Handling complex Indian law litigation, including commercial, labor & employment, tax, land use, treaty rights, natural and cultural resource matters Litigating tribal trust mismanagement claims against the United States, and evaluating tribal and individual property claims under the Indian Claims Limitation Act Defending tribes and tribal insureds from tort claims brought against them in tribal, state and federal courts, including defense tenders pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act Assisting tribal insureds in insurance coverage negotiations, and litigation Representing individual tribal members in tribal and state civil and criminal proceedings, including BIA prosecutions and Indian probate proceedings Assisting tribal governments with tribal, state and federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal federal regulatory matters in the areas of tribal gaming, environmental and cultural resources, workers» compensation, taxation, health care and education Negotiating tribal - state gaming compacts and fuel and cigarette compacts, and inter-local land use and law enforcement agreements Advocacy before the Washington State Gambling Commission, Washington Indian Gaming Association and National Indian Gaming Commission Preparing tribal codes and regulations, including tribal court, commercial, gaming, taxation, energy development, environmental and cultural resources protection, labor & employment, and workers» compensation laws Developing employee handbooks, manuals and personnel policies Advocacy in areas of treaty rights, gaming, jurisdiction, taxation, environmental and cultural resource protection Brokering fee - to - trust and related real estate and jurisdictional transactions Litigation & Appellate Services: Handling complex Indian law litigation, including commercial, labor & employment, tax, land use, treaty rights, natural and cultural resource matters Litigating tribal trust mismanagement claims against the United States, and evaluating tribal and individual property claims under the Indian Claims Limitation Act Defending tribes and tribal insureds from tort claims brought against them in tribal, state and federal courts, including defense tenders pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act Assisting tribal insureds in insurance coverage negotiations, and litigation Representing individual tribal members in tribal and state civil and criminal proceedings, including BIA prosecutions and Indian probate proceedings Assisting tribal governments with tribal, state and federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal federal courts, including defense tenders pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act Assisting tribal insureds in insurance coverage negotiations, and litigation Representing individual tribal members in tribal and state civil and criminal proceedings, including BIA prosecutions and Indian probate proceedings Assisting tribal governments with tribal, state and federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal Federal Tort Claims Act Assisting tribal insureds in insurance coverage negotiations, and litigation Representing individual tribal members in tribal and state civil and criminal proceedings, including BIA prosecutions and Indian probate proceedings Assisting tribal governments with tribal, state and federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal federal court appeals, including the preparation of amicus curiae briefs Our Indian law & gaming attorneys collaborate to publish the quarterly «Indian Legal Advisor ``, designed to provide Indian Country valuable information about legal and political developments affecting tribal rights.
They also include cases from other jurisdictions and federal law to the extent it affects family law, as well as news items related to family law.
Stephen E. Goldman, the firm's managing partner, has served as counsel for insurers in many significant property insurance and class action cases, including Standard Fire v. Knowles, 133 S. Ct. 1345 (2013)(holding that the plaintiff's stipulation can not defeat federal jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act) and Travco v. Ward, 736 S.E. 2d 321 (Va. 2012)(affirming the trial court's judgment that property insurance policies do not cover losses caused by the presence of Chinese drywall).
American LegalNet maintains an inventory of over 1,600 national court rule sets with a wide coverage of United States jurisdictions, including federal, state, and appellate courts.
Jon has tried a number of cases in state and federal courts including jury and bench trials in many of the most difficult Texas jurisdictions.
Handled briefing on venue, merits, and discovery issues, prepared bellwether case for trial and managed complex discovery in mass tort cases pending in multiple jurisdictions including federal MDL.
Our sample does include briefs from 65 different state and federal jurisdictions, which ensures our sample captures variation across state and federal jurisdictions and is not skewed by reliance on a small number of jurisdictions.
In theory, we could have attempted to gather a stratified sample that included a set number of briefs from every state and federal jurisdiction.
A trial lawyer at Robinson + Cole since 1980 with a focus on insurance coverage and class action litigation, Mr. Goldman has tried approximately 30 cases to conclusion in a wide range of jurisdictions throughout the United States, has handled numerous federal and state appeals in multiple jurisdictions, including the Supreme Court of the United States, and has served as lead counsel in many cases that have had high national visibility.
Like The Conduct of an Appeal, this blog addresses the jurisdiction and powers of appellate courts in civil and criminal matters in Canada, together with significant procedural developments in appellate courts, including the Federal Court of Appeal and Supreme Court of Canada.
CasemakerPRO includes CaseCheck + (Casemaker's citator); Daily Digest (a service that summarizes state and federal appellate cases, not available for all jurisdictions) and CiteCheck (which extracts Bluebook - formatted citations from uploaded documents and provides a report identifying cases that are still good law).
Some instances in which the federal government has jurisdiction over a criminal act include:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z