Another point is that Myrrh has repeatedly pointed out that invisible light or thermal infrared heats up the water
including oceans surface water.
Not exact matches
Findings
include a discovery that
surface waters in the open Arctic
Ocean release heat - trapping methane gas into the atmosphere at a «significant» rate
The shrimp represent centimeter - sized swimmers,
including krill and shrimplike copepods, found throughout the world's
oceans that may together be capable of mixing
ocean layers — and delivering nutrient - rich deep
waters to phytoplankton, or microscopic marine plants, near the
surface, the researchers suggest.
This
includes places like parts of the eastern Pacific
Ocean where small animals like nematodes and specially adapted fish live on the fringes of habitability, subsisting in
waters where oxygen concentrations can be only about 1 % of normal
surface water levels.
The movement of
water in the
ocean is determined by many factors
including tides; winds;
surface waves; internal waves, those that propagate within the layers of the
ocean; and differences in temperature, salinity or sea level height.
Salinity of the
surface waters can be influenced by the amount of river
water flowing into the
oceans, yet no computer models of ancient
ocean circulation had
included this variable.
El Niño has helped to boost temperatures this year, as it leads to warmer
ocean waters in the tropical Pacific, as well as warmer
surface temperatures in many other spots around the globe,
including much of the northern half of the U.S..
A vast number of animals,
including fish, shrimp and squid, live in the
ocean's mesopelagic zone — the
waters 200 to 1000 meters (660 to 3300 feet) below the
surface.
In developing countries with no on - site or centralized sanitation facilities, no opportunity exists for any type of treatment, and human wastes go directly into
surface waters,
including the coastal
ocean.
NOAA Coastwatch Coastwatch is a NOAA resource that provides a variety of remotely sensed data from several different satellite platforms covering U.S. coastal
waters,
including sea
surface temperature,
ocean color, and winds.
MS: Your installation «
Surface Water 4 ″ includes two different photographs of ocean water installed side by
Water 4 ″
includes two different photographs of
ocean water installed side by
water installed side by side.
The first is to emphasize your point that degassing of CO2 from the
oceans is not simply a matter of warmer
water reducing CO2 solubility, and that important additional factors
include changes in wind patterns, reduction in sea ice cover to reveal a larger
surface for gas escape, and upwelling of CO2 from depths consequent to the changing climate patterns.
Other factors would
include: — albedo shifts (both from ice >
water, and from increased biological activity, and from edge melt revealing more land, and from more old dust coming to the
surface...); — direct effect of CO2 on ice (the former weakens the latter); — increasing, and increasingly warm, rain fall on ice; — «stuck» weather systems bringing more and more warm tropical air ever further toward the poles; — melting of sea ice shelf increasing mobility of glaciers; — sea
water getting under parts of the ice sheets where the base is below sea level; — melt
water lubricating the ice sheet base; — changes in
ocean currents -LRB-?)
Corresponding time for
surface + tropospheric equilibration: given 3 K warming (
including feedbacks) per ~ 3.7 W / m2 forcing (this
includes the effects of feedbacks): 10 years per heat capacity of ~ 130 m layer of
ocean (~ heat capacity of 92 or 93 m of liquid
water spread over the whole globe)
The changes
include changes in wind patterns — so those are going to change how, where, and when and how much changes about how the upper
ocean waves mix
surface water.
Others
include, the role of the Sun (being the main heat source), the vast
oceans which cover over 70 % of the Earth's
surface (and the natural factors which determine the storage and release of CO2 back into the atmosphere),
water - vapour being the dominant greenhouse gas comprising 98 % of the atmosphere, the important role of low - level clouds which is thought to be a major factor in determining the natural variation of climate temperatures (P.S. Significantly, computer - models are unable to replicate cloud - formation and coverage — which again — injects bias into model).
High quality heat (5000K sunlight) is transformed into low quality heat (255K
water) and it can never again be used to heat anything to a temperature higher than 255K which
includes the
ocean surface and the air above it.
Present - day
ocean surface waters are supersaturated for the major carbonate mineral forms used by marine organisms,
including the more soluble form aragonite (corals, many mollusks) and the less soluble form calcite (coccolithophores, foraminifera, and some mollusks).
Based on evidence from Earth's history, we suggest here that the relevant form of climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene (e.g. from which to base future greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization targets) is the Earth system sensitivity
including fast feedbacks from changes in
water vapour, natural aerosols, clouds and sea ice, slower
surface albedo feedbacks from changes in continental ice sheets and vegetation, and climate — GHG feedbacks from changes in natural (land and
ocean) carbon sinks.
SLR satellite data
includes things such as the «GIA Adjustment» — which is the amount of SLR that there would have been if the
ocean basin hadn't increased in volume and in the case of this new study, how much higher the sea
surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.
surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land
water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea
Surface Height.
Surface Height.»
Including surface temperature,
water level, ice thickness and chlorophyll amount in the
ocean.
Since ENSO is a coupled
ocean - atmosphere process, I have presented its impact on and the inter-relationships between numerous variables,
including sea
surface temperature, sea level,
ocean currents,
ocean heat content, depth - averaged temperature, warm
water volume, sea level pressure, cloud amount, precipitation, the strength and direction of the trade winds, etc..
Already — not decades from now as scientists previously expected — corrosive shelf
water off the continental shelf of the West Coast is eating away at the shells of tiny free - swimming marine snails, called pteropods, that swim near the
ocean's
surface and provide food for a variety of fishes,
including salmon, mackerel, and herring.
As the Antarctic sea ice reached record levels, scientists floated several hypotheses,
including possible changes in the ozone hole over Antarctica, or increased amounts of fresh
water — which freezes more easily — on the
surface of the
ocean around Antarctica.
And older climate models did not
include dynamic ice sheet vulnerabilities — like high latent - heat
ocean water coming into contact with the submerged faces of sea - fronting glaciers, the ability of
surface melt
water to break up glaciers by pooling into cracks and forcing them apart (hydrofracturing), or the innate rigidity and frailty of steep ice cliffs which render them susceptible to rapid toppling.
Results showed that the extent of multi-year ice, which
includes areas of the Arctic
Ocean where multi-year ice covers at least 15 percent of the
water's
surface, is shrinking at a rate of 15.1 percent per decade.
Ocean acidification, rising ocean temperatures, declining sea ice, and other environmental changes interact to affect the location and abundance of marine fish, including those that are commercially important, those used as food by other species, and those used for subsistence.16, 17,18,122,19,20,21 These changes have allowed some near - surface fish species such as salmon to expand their ranges northward along the Alaskan coast.124, 125,126 In addition, non-native species are invading Alaskan waters more rapidly, primarily through ships releasing ballast waters and bringing southerly species to Alaska.5, 127 These species introductions could affect marine ecosystems, including the feeding relationships of fish important to commercial and subsistence fishe
Ocean acidification, rising
ocean temperatures, declining sea ice, and other environmental changes interact to affect the location and abundance of marine fish, including those that are commercially important, those used as food by other species, and those used for subsistence.16, 17,18,122,19,20,21 These changes have allowed some near - surface fish species such as salmon to expand their ranges northward along the Alaskan coast.124, 125,126 In addition, non-native species are invading Alaskan waters more rapidly, primarily through ships releasing ballast waters and bringing southerly species to Alaska.5, 127 These species introductions could affect marine ecosystems, including the feeding relationships of fish important to commercial and subsistence fishe
ocean temperatures, declining sea ice, and other environmental changes interact to affect the location and abundance of marine fish,
including those that are commercially important, those used as food by other species, and those used for subsistence.16, 17,18,122,19,20,21 These changes have allowed some near -
surface fish species such as salmon to expand their ranges northward along the Alaskan coast.124, 125,126 In addition, non-native species are invading Alaskan
waters more rapidly, primarily through ships releasing ballast
waters and bringing southerly species to Alaska.5, 127 These species introductions could affect marine ecosystems,
including the feeding relationships of fish important to commercial and subsistence fisheries.
Losses from
surface melting,
water runoff, the breakup of glaciers into the
ocean (calving), and the transformation of solid ice into
water vapor (sublimation) exceed any gains through snowfall.2, 3,4,5 The Greenland ice sheet loses most of its mass on the perimeter, through a dozen fast - moving glaciers,
including Helheim.5, 6
Cryosphere All regions on and beneath the
surface of the Earth and
ocean where
water is in solid form,
including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers and ice sheets, and frozen ground (which
includes permafrost).
The research team,
including the authors of the study, Peter Davison and Rebecca Asch, traveled across hundreds of miles of the North Pacific
ocean gyre, collecting fish specimens,
water samples and marine debris at depths ranging from the
surface to thousands of feet under.
States that other feedbacks likely to emerge are those in which key processes
include surface fluxes of trace gases, changes in the distribution of vegetation, changes in
surface soil moisture, changes in atmospheric
water vapor arising from higher temperatures and greater areas of open
ocean, impacts of Arctic freshwater fluxes on the meridional overturning circulation of the
ocean, and changes in Arctic clouds resulting from changes in
water vapor content
These factors
include heat flux from the atmosphere,
ocean surface currents, winds, and the upwelling of
water from beneath the
surface.
The entire atmosphere
including the non GHGs and the liquid
water in the
oceans contribute to the
surface temperature being what it is.
As for
ocean heat content, Argo hasn't been in the
water long enough to show a clear signal, and there have been problems with the data,
including a significant correction (you do recall the correction to the UAH satellite record after years of insistence that their data showed the
surface temp record trends were completely wrong?).
Threats to marine biodiversity in the U.S. are the same as those for most of the world: overexploitation of living resources; reduced
water quality; coastal development; shipping; invasive species; rising temperature and concentrations of carbon dioxide in the
surface ocean, and other changes that may be consequences of global change,
including shifting currents; increased number and size of hypoxic or anoxic areas; and increased number and duration of harmful algal blooms.
In response, the California Fish and Game Commission is widely expected to support a closure of state
waters; the sharp decline in stocks is blamed on a combination of factors,
including surface warming,
ocean acidification and pollution.
But I do not see any simple way to verify the no - feedback sensitivity; if you
include evaporative cooling from the
ocean surface (for example), then you immediately get into the feed - back issues of
water vapor and cloud cover.
It also indicates the models fail to
include the largest natural process that periodically creates
ocean heat content in the tropical Pacific and also periodically releases that heat from below the
surface of the tropical Pacific and redistributes that warm
water within the
oceans.
Features of the model described here
include the following: (1) tripolar grid to resolve the Arctic
Ocean without polar filtering, (2) partial bottom step representation of topography to better represent topographically influenced advective and wave processes, (3) more accurate equation of state, (4) three - dimensional flux limited tracer advection to reduce overshoots and undershoots, (5) incorporation of regional climatological variability in shortwave penetration, (6) neutral physics parameterization for representation of the pathways of tracer transport, (7) staggered time stepping for tracer conservation and numerical efficiency, (8) anisotropic horizontal viscosities for representation of equatorial currents, (9) parameterization of exchange with marginal seas, (10) incorporation of a free surface that accommodates a dynamic ice model and wave propagation, (11) transport of water across the ocean free surface to eliminate unphysical «virtual tracer flux» methods, (12) parameterization of tidal mixing on continental she
Ocean without polar filtering, (2) partial bottom step representation of topography to better represent topographically influenced advective and wave processes, (3) more accurate equation of state, (4) three - dimensional flux limited tracer advection to reduce overshoots and undershoots, (5) incorporation of regional climatological variability in shortwave penetration, (6) neutral physics parameterization for representation of the pathways of tracer transport, (7) staggered time stepping for tracer conservation and numerical efficiency, (8) anisotropic horizontal viscosities for representation of equatorial currents, (9) parameterization of exchange with marginal seas, (10) incorporation of a free
surface that accommodates a dynamic ice model and wave propagation, (11) transport of
water across the
ocean free surface to eliminate unphysical «virtual tracer flux» methods, (12) parameterization of tidal mixing on continental she
ocean free
surface to eliminate unphysical «virtual tracer flux» methods, (12) parameterization of tidal mixing on continental shelves.