Scales used to assess
inconsistent maternal enforcement
of rules, loud arguments between the parents, low maternal educational aspirations for the child, maternal possessiveness, maternal use
of guilt to control the child, maternal anger toward the child, parental cigarette smoking, parental supervision
of the child, paternal assistance to the child's mother, paternal role fulfillment, and maternal verbal abuse were obtained from the DPI and instruments assessing maternal child - rearing attitudes and behaviors that were administered during the maternal interviews.28 - 31 Measures
of maternal punishment, parental affection toward the child, parental time spent with the child, and poor parental communication with the child were administered during the maternal and offspring interviews using scales assessing parental warmth, parent - child communication, and parental support and
availability.28, 29,31
Data regarding parental home maintenance and maternal behavior during the interview were provided by interviewer observations.