Brain tissue is highly sensitive to alterations in NAD + levels.67 A mouse study showed that supplementation with nicotinamide mononucleotide
increased NAD + levels in the brain, slowed cognitive decline in mice with Alzheimer's, and enhanced the plasticity in neurons that underlies learning and memory.67
Moreover, leucine supplementation in obese mice
increased NAD +, mitochondrial biogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid disposal [107].
Pterostilbene has also been shown to
increase the NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) molecule, which has an anti-aging effect.
Basis has been clinically proven to
increase NAD + levels by 40 percent in a randomized trial (the results were published in Nature Partner Journals: Aging and Mechanisms of Disease.)
Maintaining a high metabolic rate has shown to increase life span, by
increasing NAD +.
Exercise, especially HIIT, activates the enzyme AMPK to
increase your NAD + levels, stimulate glucose uptake and mitochondrial biiogenesis (31)
Also, increased NAMPT expression is reported in some malignancies, calling into question whether
increasing NAD + might support aspects of the tumorigenic process [235].
A more efficient way to
increase your NAD + levels overtime is to increase the levels of NAD +'s precursors in your body, more specifically niacinamide and niacin, found in Vitamin B3.
Not exact matches
To determine if
increasing the level of
NAD would accelerate recovery from kidney injury, the researchers administered extremely large quantities of vitamin B3 nutritional supplements — the human equivalent of hundreds of tablets - to the genetically impaired mice.
The uptick in
NAD levels activates the SIRT3 and SIRT4 genes,
increasing levels of their corresponding SIRT3 and SIRT4 enzymes, which then flood the interior of the mitochondria.
The scientists showed that NR and
NAD + prevent hearing loss by
increasing the activity of the protein sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), which is critically involved in the function of mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell.
Increase in
NAD + availability by PARP inhibition or NAM supplementation can extend lifespan.
It is, therefore, obvious the important role of
NAD +, as substrate of all reactions mediated by SIRT1 and SIRT6, in
increasing lifespan by reducing NF - kB - mediated inflammation (Figure 2).
NAD + level is essential for reactions catalyzed by sirtuins and PARP activity, therefore by
increasing its endogenous levels allow a more powerful effect against age - related diseases and in
increasing lifespan.
Other drugs may indirectly
increase SIRT1 activity by
increasing in
NAD + production: Sulphorane, an activator of Nrf2, and Thiazolidinediones via Nampt secretion 39.
Liver alcohol metabolism also
increases the NADH /
NAD + ratio, thereby promoting the creation of liver fat cells.
Also noted by IER studies are an
increase in the expression levels of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), an
NAD + - dependent deacetylase.20 The expression of SIRT1, also
increased by prolonged ER in rodents, is linked to the up - regulation of cellular stress resistance and improved outcomes in animal models of metabolic, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases.106, 107These findings have been suggestively accompanied by improvements in resilience to disease progression in rodent models of Type 1 diabetic nephropathy 20, survival following induced ischaemic injury 21 and a reduction in oxidative stress.105
This leads to a cascade of events with the end product being an
increase in
NAD + levels.
The landmark 2013 study by Dr. Sinclair demonstrated that supplementation with NMN
increased levels of
NAD + and reversed age related degeneration in mice, giving older mice the muscle capacity, endurance and metabolism of much younger mice — the «equivalent of a human 60 year old becoming more like a 20 year old» (24).
Conclusion: AMPK senses low energy levels and responds by signaling NAMPT to
increase intracellular
NAD + concentrations (18)
Three new independently conducted studies show that the
increased BHB produced in a ketogenic diet improved the
NAD + / NADH ratio which decreases expression of the pro-inflammatory NF - κB gene, resulting in:
They found 2DG could mimic a keto diet,
increasing BHB and
NAD + production, and bring inflammation levels down to normal levels.
An
increase of
NAD + levels followed by sirtuin activation is observed in situations of energy deficit, such as fasting (47), calorie restriction (CR)(47) or low glucose feeding (Fulco et al, 2008), and exercise (47,48).
As we age, demand for
NAD + from PARPs and CD38 greatly
increases, leaving less and less
NAD + for our mitochondria to perform the basic task of energy production.
Chronic Inflammation
increases as we age and is at least partly responsible for falling
NAD + levels.
Dr David Sinclair, arguably the most prominent researcher in
NAD + aging research recently published research that shows the enzyme CD38 rises,
increasing inflammation and consuming
NAD +.
The evidence reviewed here highlights that
NAD + levels can be therapeutically
increased to potentiate sirtuins and mitochondrial function.
The results of the study indicated that the participants who took Basis regularly for four weeks saw an average
increase of 40 % in their
NAD + levels, which was sustained as regular intake of the supplement was maintained.
This
increase in
NAD levels is far superior compared with the 2-fold
increases generally observed in most genetic (PARP - 1 deletion), pharmacological (
NAD precursors), or physiological interventions (fasting, calorie restriction) that enhance
NAD content.
Seems like colored grains are biochemically plausible, inexpensive sources of CD38 - inhibiting anthocyanins for
increasing cellular [
NAD +], activating Sirt1, and improving healthspan.
The
increase in intracellular
NAD elicited by CD38 deletion significantly activated SIRT1 and prompted clinical phenotypes similar to those expected for SIRT1 activation, including protection against diet - induced obesity and a robust deacetylation of SIRT1 targets.
From plants to metazoans, an
increase in intracellular levels of
NAD + directs cells to make adjustments to ensure survival, including
increasing energy production and utilization, boosting cellular repair, and coordinating circadian rhythms.
Another connection is that ALA promotes an
increase in AMPk, an enzyme activated as a result of lower cellular energy levels (higher
NAD + / NADH ratio).
The good news is that replenishing
NAD + to cells can restore DNA repair and prevent cell death under stress.26, 29 In two different animal models of neurodegenerative disease,
increasing cellular
NAD + reduced the severity of the disorder, normalized neuromuscular function, delayed memory loss, and extended lifespan.30
This
increased water vapor appears to be participating in the generation of PSCs which also affect the ztratospheric ozone layer with the introduction of denitritification (the formation of
NAD and NAT) which reduces both the ozone content and reduces the removal of chlorine in the polar regions.