The use of aversive methods (e.g., pinning and yelling) can result in
increased anxiety about the grooming process — and can also produce additional side effects such as aggression,
generalized fear, escape / avoidance and apathy — so this practice should be avoided.
The disorders considered in this report include (1) mood disorders, including major depressive episode (MDE), dysthymia (DYS), and bipolar disorder (BPD) I and II studied together for
increased statistical power; (2)
anxiety disorders, including panic disorder (PD), agoraphobia without panic (AG), specific phobia (SP), social phobia (SoP),
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and separation
anxiety disorder (SAD); (3) substance disorders, including alcohol abuse (AA), alcohol dependence (AD), drug abuse (DA), and drug dependence (DD); and (4) impulse control disorders, including intermittent explosive disorder (IED), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).