Not exact matches
As states across the U.S. move to adopt standardized tests as a means to determine grade promotion and
school graduation, new research presented in the Harvard Educational Review shows that sole reliance on
high - stakes tests as a
graduation requirement may
increase inequities among students by both race and gender.
They did not consider that the decline of the youth labor market, which had begun in the 1930s, may have been a far more powerful «push» on
increasing high -
school enrollments than the «pull» of easier courses and watered - down
graduation requirements.
Previous waves of reform had focused on inputs, intentions, and regulation: boost the credentials and pay of teachers;
increase course
requirements for
high -
school graduation; mandate lower class sizes; etc..
By 1986, 45 states and the District of Columbia had raised
high -
school graduation requirements, 42 had
increased math
requirements, and 34 had boosted science
requirements.
Substantial evidence from around the world has linked
high -
school exit exams to
increased learning, but in the United States, where political pressures to relax
graduation requirements have always kept the passing bar low, the evidence for their benefit has been inconclusive.
If
increases in
high school graduation requirements during the last quarter of the 20th century contributed to the stagnation in
graduation rates, why did rates rise during the first decade of the 21st century, a period in which
high school graduation requirements were not reduced and in some states were
increased?
This line of reasoning has two parts: first,
requirements for earning a
high school diploma
increased, and second, the expanded
requirements had a negative impact on the
graduation rate of vulnerable groups.
Previous waves of reform had focused on inputs, intentions, and regulation: Boost the credentials and pay of teachers;
increase course
requirements for
high -
school graduation; mandate lower class sizes; etc..
For example, states with
high - stakes
high -
school graduation requirements must find effective ways to intervene in
high schools with
high failure and / or dropout rates, even if the percentage of students passing the test
increases significantly each year.
The authors conclude that these
increased math skills «may have reduced the learning challenges [for vulnerable students] of completing
high school graduation requirements.»
Education reform in the trenches:
Increased academic course taking in
high schools with lower achieving students in states with
higher graduation requirements.
As states implemented
increased course
requirements for
high school graduation, especially in math and science, the number of students taking classes in these subjects went up by 69 percent and 60 percent, respectively, between 1987 — 88 and 2007 — 08.
The major planks of Mr. Dupree's improvement strategy have been the magnet programs in each elementary
school, a redesign of
graduation requirements, and
increased rigor in all
high school classes through the Cambridge International curriculum.
High school graduation rates did
increase, but favorable demographic changes and the easing of
requirements for receiving a diploma may have helped those improvements along (Ravitch, 2013).
The policy solution that has garnered the most momentum to improve civics in recent years is a standard that requires
high school students to pass the U.S. citizenship exam before
graduation.6 According to this analysis, 17 states have taken this path.7 Yet, critics of a mandatory civics exam argue that the citizenship test does nothing to measure comprehension of the material8 and creates an additional barrier to
high school graduation.9 Other states have adopted civics as a
requirement for
high school graduation, provided teachers with detailed civics curricula, offered community service as a
graduation requirement, and
increased the availability of Advance Placement (AP) U.S. government classes.10