While it is tempting to attribute the unexplained sea ice trends to other factors such as increased upwelling of relatively warm circumpolar deepwater (Thoma et al. 2008), an intensification of the hydrological cycle and
increased ocean stratification (Liu and Curry 2010), or eastward propagation of sea ice anomalies (Holland et al. 2005), the observed northerly wind trends (Fig. 5a) are qualitatively consistent with the decrease in sea ice in the 30 ° W — 60 ° W sector.
Physical factors that affect uptake include
increased ocean stratification due to increasing global temperatures.
When combined with
increased ocean stratification due to this enhanced run off [11], sea - surface temperatures are depressed, encouraging sea - ice formation.
On top of that, warming
increases ocean stratification, which blocks the movement of oxygen - rich surface waters to lower depths.
Southern Ocean surface cooling, while lower latitudes are warming, increases precipitation on the Southern Ocean,
increasing ocean stratification, slowing deepwater formation, and increasing ice sheet mass loss.
Not exact matches
With higher levels of carbon dioxide and higher average temperatures, the
oceans» surface waters warm and sea ice disappears, and the marine world will see
increased stratification, intense nutrient trapping in the deep Southern
Ocean (also known as the Antarctic
Ocean) and nutrition starvation in the other
oceans.
Possible mechanisms include (vii) changes in
ocean temperature (and salinity), (viii) suppression of air - sea gas exchange by sea ice, and (ix) increased stratification in the Southern O
ocean temperature (and salinity), (viii) suppression of air - sea gas exchange by sea ice, and (ix)
increased stratification in the Southern
OceanOcean.
One explanation (ix) conceived in the 1980s invokes more
stratification, less upwelling of carbon and nutrient - rich waters to the surface of the Southern
Ocean and
increased carbon storage at depth during glacial times.
Warming of the
oceans leads to
increased vertical
stratification (decreased mixing between the different levels in the
oceans), which would reduce CO2 uptake, in effect, reducing the oceanic volume available to CO2 absorption from the atmosphere.
In essence Zhang proposes that the warming factors reduce the growth of sea ice which reduces
ocean overturning allowing
increased stratification of the
ocean which in turn reduces
ocean heat flux available to melt ice.
Climate change can influence the distribution of dead zones by
increasing water temperature and hence microbial activity, as well as reducing mixing of the
ocean (i.e., increasing layering or stratification) of the Ocean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the O
ocean (i.e.,
increasing layering or
stratification) of the
Ocean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the O
Ocean — which have different temperatures, densities, salinities — and reducing mixing of oxygen - rich surface layers into the deeper parts of the
OceanOcean.
A warming surface
ocean is also likely to
increase the density
stratification of the water column (i.e., Steinacher et al., 2010), altering the circulation and potentially
increasing the isolation of waters in an OMZ from contact with the atmosphere, hence
increasing the intensity of the OMZ.
About half of the pCO2 decrease may be due to
increased glacial
ocean stratification, trapping carbon - rich waters in the deep layers away from the atmosphere (22, 23).
The warming of the surface of the
ocean is thought to
increase stratification within the water column, preventing the nutrients in the cool
In addition to this natural variability, humans have perturbed climate by
increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which have
increased ocean temperatures, water column
stratification, hypoxia, and water column anoxia and have decreased surface
ocean pH [6], [7].
They will inevitably be affected by the
increasing temperatures and thermal
stratification of the top layer of the
ocean, since these are prime controls on their ecology, although it is not clear whether global warming would result in net
increase or decrease of coccolithophores.
Increased stratification as the
ocean surface warms will decrease the upwellings of nutrient - rich cold water, making
oceans less productive.
The warming of the surface of the
ocean is thought to
increase stratification within the water column, preventing the nutrients in the cool deep
ocean from rising to the surface.
Decreases in both upwelling and formation of deep water and
increased stratification of the upper
ocean will reduce the input of essential nutrients into the sunlit regions of
oceans and reduce productivity (Cox et al., 2000; Loukos et al., 2003; Lehodey et al., 2003; Sarmiento et al., 2004a).