Sentences with phrase «increasing birth rate levels»

The surge in pupil numbers is due to many different factors, including the impact of the baby boom, increasing birth rate levels and immigration.

Not exact matches

The cultural changes that Fuchs and Reklis have in mind are increasing individualism, growing preoccupation with individual fulfillment, wider tolerance for divorce as a solution to marital problems, and more general acceptance at all social levels of the high rates of out - of - wedlock births and single parenthood.

In poor countries the birth rate is soaring, while consumption has leveled off (which means per capita consumption is going down); in rich countries the birth rate has leveled off, while consumption is increasing.

Despite a 56 % decrease in the national incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) from 1.2 deaths per 1000 live births in 19921 to 0.53 death per 1000 live births in 2003,2 SIDS continues to be the leading cause of postneonatal mortality in the United States.3 The decreased rate of SIDS is largely attributed to the increased use of the supine sleep position after the introduction of the «Back to Sleep» campaign in 1994.4 - 7 More recently, it has been suggested that the decrease in the SIDS rate has leveled off coincident with a plateau in the uptake of the supine sleep position.8 Although caretakers should continue to be encouraged to place infants on their backs to sleep, other potentially modifiable risk factors in the sleep environment should be examined to promote further decline in the rate of SIDS.

In animal models, exposure to cigarette smoke or nicotine during fetal development alters the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in areas of the brainstem important for autonomic function, 28 alters the neuronal excitability of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (a brainstem region important for sensory integration), 29 and alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors.30 In human infants, there are strong associations between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and serotonin receptors in the brainstem during development.31 Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke attenuates recovery from hypoxia in preterm infants, 32 decreases heart rate variability in preterm33 and term34 infants, and abolishes the normal relationship between heart rate and gestational age at birth.33 Moreover, infants of smoking mothers exhibit impaired arousal patterns to trigeminal stimulation in proportion to urinary cotinine levels.35 It is important to note also that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke alters the normal programming of cardiovascular reflexes such that there is a greater - than - expected increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to breathing 4 % carbon dioxide or a 60 ° head - up tilt.36 These changes in autonomic function, arousal, and cardiovascular reflexes might all increase an infant's vulnerability to SIDS.

The prenatal phase of the program reduced fetal exposure to tobacco, improved the qualities of women's prenatal diets, reduced rates of pyelonephritis, improved levels of informal social support, and reduced intellectual impairment and irritable behavioral styles associated with fetal exposure to tobacco.6, 10,11,22 Prenatal exposure to tobacco is a risk factor for early behavioral dysregulation, problems with attention, and later crime and delinquency.22 Moreover, the combination of birth complications (and, by implication, neurological impairment) and rejecting parenting substantially increases the likelihood of violent offenses by the time children are 18 years old.5