A higher score
indicates more depressive symptoms, and a score of 16 or higher is commonly used as the cutoff point for defining clinically significant depressive symptoms.25 Because the CES - D is a screening tool, it can not be used to make a definitive diagnosis of depression.
The instrument was administered and scored (each item was rated from 0 to 3) according to the procedures suggested by Radloff (1977), with higher scores
indicating more depressive symptoms.
Scores range from 0 to 54, in which higher scores
indicate more depressive symptoms, and was therefore treated as a continuous variable.
Higher scores
indicate more depressive symptoms.
Not exact matches
Mothers reported
more symptoms of psychological distress24, 25 and low self - efficacy.26, 27 And, although mothers report
more depressive symptoms at the time their infants are experiencing colic, 28,29 research on maternal depression 3 months after the remittance of infant colic is mixed.30, 31 The distress mothers of colic infants report may arise out of their difficulties in soothing their infants as well as within their everyday dyadic interactions.32 The few studies to date that have examined the long - term consequences of having a colicky child, however,
indicate that there are no negative outcomes for parent behaviour and, importantly, for the parent - child relationship.
In addition, U.S. studies
indicate that adolescents and adults are
more likely to suffer
depressive symptoms if they characterize their parents as having used authoritarian practices in the past (King et al 2016; Rothrauff et al 2009).
In addition, U.S. studies
indicate that adolescents and adults are
more likely to suffer
depressive symptoms if they characterize their parents as having used authoritarian practices in the past (King et al 2016; Rothrauff et al 2009).
Inclusion criteria: cancer prognosis of 6 months or
more; major
depressive disorder for ⩾ 1 month not associated with a change of cancer or cancer management; and a score of ⩾ 1.75 on the
Symptom Checklist - 20 (SCL - 20) depression scale (score range 1 — 4, higher score
indicating greater levels of
depressive symptoms).
CES - D scores range from 0 to 60; higher scores
indicate more severe
depressive symptoms, and a score of ≥ 16 is considered clinically significant.
Finally, studies
indicate that CBT may be
more likely than pharmacotherapy in preventing subsequent relapse of
depressive symptoms.1
Research
indicates that depressed mothers, especially when their depression is chronic, are less sensitive with their infants and toddlers, play with and talk to their children less, and provide less supportive and age - appropriate limit setting and discipline than non-depressed mothers.4, 8,9 When mothers report
more chronic
depressive symptoms, their children are
more likely to evidence insecure attachment relationships with them, show less advanced language and cognitive development, be less cooperative, and have
more difficulty controlling anger and aggression.8, 9 Lower levels of maternal sensitivity and engagement explain some of these findings.
Higher scores
indicated the presence of
more depressive symptoms (α =.70; M = 10.24; SD = 2.56 for child reports; α =.72; M = 10.31; SD = 2.51 for mother reports).
Mediation analysis
indicated that individuals with higher levels of self - reflection showed
more decentering and less
depressive symptoms while self - ruminative participants showed less decentering and
more depressive symptoms.
In line with this notion, initial evidence
indicates that clique isolates show
more depressive symptoms than members of cliques.
Overall, these results
indicate that across the two time points, female dyad members became
more similar to each other in their levels of alcohol misuse (in reciprocal dyads and in dyads that were unilateral at Time 1 and reciprocal at Time 2) and
depressive symptoms (in very best friendships), providing evidence for socialization effects.
Participants who
indicated that their mothers had
more life problems demonstrated lower levels of
depressive symptoms when they had high self - reported physical health.
Next to SR - rumination and stressors, pubertal status was modestly related to
depressive symptoms (β =.06, p =.03),
indicating that participants reported
more depressive symptoms as they perceived their pubertal status as higher.
When mother's life problems were high, participants with lower self - reported physical health
indicated more severe
depressive symptoms.
Evidence
indicated fewer improvements in domains
more distal from parenting, including parent
depressive symptoms and marital relationship dysfunction.