Several studies have also attempted to understand the role of breastfeeding on IQ, and although some authors conclude that the observed advantage of breastfeeding on IQ is related only to genetic and socioenvironmental factors, a recent meta - analysis showed that after adjustment for appropriate key co-factors, breastfeeding was associated with significantly higher scores for
cognitive development than formula feeding.6 Longer duration of breastfeeding has also been positively associated with intelligence in adulthood.22 We also observed the
benefits of long - term breastfeeding on mental indices, along with the
indirect benefit of balancing the impact of exposure to p, p ′ DDE after adjustment for some socioeconomic variables.
Fact: A 2012 study examining non-resident fathers» involvement, mothers» parenting and stress, and children's behavioural and
cognitive development in low - income single - mother families found «
indirect»
benefits from fathers» payment of child support and good quality parenting because these influenced the mothers» parenting, which had a direct effect.