Sentences with phrase «individual cell level»
Using the same adaptive optics principles that let astronomers see distant objects with such instruments as the Keck Telescope, researchers have created a new device for ophthalmologists to see the eye's retina at the individual cell level.
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Prior to the development of a fully functioning nervous system, and the activation of said system, a human embryo is «alive» in the same sense a tumor is «alive»: the individual cells that make it up are alive, but there is no higher - level functionality.
Our bodily cells are only a tiny fraction of the subhuman individuals in existence; also each of us is but one of countless individuals on our own or perhaps higher levels (recall the billions of possibly inhabited planets that astronomers believe exist).
We see Nature combining molecules and cells in the living body to construct separate individuals, and the same Nature, stubbornly pursuing the same course but on a higher level, combining individuals in social organisms to obtain a higher order of psychic results.
He insists that such compounds of lower - level entities as atoms, molecules, and cells must be recognized as having individual existence in their own right, whereas he finds Whitehead attributing to them only social unity.
Given a system or composite of individuals, all on a comparable level, for instance molecular or cellular, then in some cases, given integration of activities (thus molecules in a cell, or cells in a vertebrate animal), there may be what Leibniz called a «dominant monad» or what Whitehead calls a «society of presiding occasions.»
But exactly how is the positing of mentality at the level of individual cells and neurons supposed to help explain the emergence of full - blown consciousness in the human brain?
If the body can not produce insulin (as is the case in people with type 1 diabetes), or if the cells ignore or resist insulin (as is common in type 2 individuals), blood glucose levels rise, sparking the crippling complications of diabetes.
Richard Jones, M.D., professor and director of the Bone Marrow Transplant Program at Johns Hopkins, developed a now commonly used assay to study ALDH levels in individual cells.
They used this novel simulation approach to build a model of a sperm cell that demonstrates cellular movement from individual dynein protein molecules in the tail all the way up to the whole cell, allowing them to observe how changes at the atomic level are reflected in larger - scale structures.
«We still don't know very much about how individual cells in the brain coordinate the activity of higher - level function that defines us as humans,» he says.
Using this biosensor in highly invasive breast cancer cells taken from rodents and humans, the Einstein team discovered that when an individual invadopodium forms and is actively degrading the ECM, its Rac1 levels are low; on the other hand, elevated Rac1 levels coincide with the invadopodium's disappearance.
«This strategy allows a colony to hedge its bets by enabling individual cells within a population to assume high levels of resistance while others avoid this extra work.»
Antibodies derived from a type of immune cell found in unusually high numbers in HIV - infected individuals with chronically uncontrolled virus levels are less effective at neutralizing HIV than antibodies derived from a different type of immune cell more common in people without HIV, scientists report.
Co-senior author Professor Jennifer Nichols at the Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, said: «Our data allow us to study gene activity in individual cells to an unprecedented level of precision.
With more than 10,000 pieces of data being collected about each individual cell, modern computers are essential in achieving the level of sensitivity needed for this type of research.»
Wyrick and WSU colleagues Peng Mao, Michael Smerdon and Steven Roberts irradiated yeast cells and looked for patterns of damage at the level of individual base pairs, the DNA building blocks whose order serves as an organism's blueprint.
«Notably, we also observed a small increase in blood histamine levels and a slight release of tryptase from mast cells in the skin of unaffected individuals exposed to vibration,» said Hirsh Komarow, M.D., of NIAID's Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, the senior author of the study.
Further experiments went on to show that the actual level of sexual - stage parasites produced by each parasite clone matched the proportion of individual cells specifically producing the AP2 - G protein.
Emotiv solved this brain — computer interface problem with the help of a multidisciplinary team that included neuroscientists, who understood the brain at a systems level (rather than individual cells), and computer engineers with a knack for machine learning and pattern recognition.
The team found that individuals with long - standing type 1 diabetes and diabetic enteropathy have altered colonic stem cells (CoSCs) and increased blood levels of a regulatory protein called insulin - like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), which is produced in the liver.
The results confirmed the team's previous finding that the replicative capacity of the newly established virus drives how quickly infected individuals» levels of CD4 T cells declined.
By carefully measuring individual laborers» exposure to benzene and other chemicals, the researchers showed that the 109 workers exposed below the 1 ppm level still had white blood cell counts almost 15 percent lower than similar workers who were not exposed.
«While several lipid families are well - characterized at the molecular level, the total diversity and number of unique lipids in cells, how they change during cellular activation, and how they differ in individuals is unknown,» said Darley - Usmar.
«Because we can see individual macromolecules moving about in a living cell, we can study chemistry at a single - molecule level and in real life.
When the researchers looked at activity at the cellular level in the rats» brains, they saw that individual cells stimulated by the optogenetics would increase firing rates in the PER network and that many cells fired in sync with the optical flicker frequency.
This gives a very detailed map of gene activity, down to the level of individual cells.
In future, it may be possible to measure BCR - ABL levels in individual cells in the clinic — this will help us identify the resistant high BCR - ABL cells and better understand how patients develop resistance to imatinib treatment with the aim of combatting this resistance to make response more durable and the treatment more effective.»
Individuals with the shorter version have lower levels of the serotonin transport protein, allowing serotonin to persist longer in brain cells.
«It's incredibly rare to identify a cancer cell of origin and until now no one has been able to track what happens on an individual level to these cells as they mutate and proliferate,» says Professor Blanpain.
These treatments, in addition to being inconvenient for patients, are unable to adjust blood glucose levels on a minute - to - minute basis, as beta cells do in a healthy individual.
This engineering perspective may be applied at all levels of the hierarchy of biological structures — from individual molecules to whole cells, tissues and organisms.
Dr. Sonntag studies this concept on the molecular and cellular level using a translational research approach that integrates the analysis of human material, such as postmortem brains, primary cell systems, and neural cell populations generated from patients» - or healthy individuals» - derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), or induced neurons (iNs), in combination with molecular, biochemistry, and lentivirus - mediated gene - engineering technologies.
«In a young, healthy individual, hypoxia — low oxygen levels — triggers the body to make factors that help coordinate the growth of new blood vessels but this process doesn't work as well as we age,» says Gregg Semenza, M.D., Ph.D., professor of pediatrics and genetic medicine and director of the vascular biology program at the Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering.
As it also generates transcriptome data from separate Stentor cell fragments, it paves the way for future investigations of transcriptional responses below the level of individual cells.
The facilities build on unique expertise that will allow Swedish researchers to capitalize on recent technological advances to characterize individual cells at genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels.
More recently, neuroscientists have been able to take a wider view of brain function using new technology to track activity levels across the entire brain instead of individual cells.
In the 1980s, Dr. Kaufman's experience with gene transfer and engineering led him to become a founding scientist at Genetics Institute Inc., where he engineered mammalian cells for high - level expression of therapeutic proteins, such as clotting factors that are now used to treat individuals with hemophilia.
Understanding the processes that restrain mutant cells from developing into tumours, and how they are breached when cancers do form will guide the development of strategies to reduce the chance of cancer development in individuals who have acquired a high level of mutations.
IgDiscover uncovers genetic diversity in the immunoglobulin loci at the individual level, enabling an improved understanding of protective and pathogenic B cell responses in a variety of settings and facilitating future personalized immunization strategies.
This is because it's rare for the contents of brain cells to end up in the bloodstream, and because there's huge variation in levels of blood substances among individuals.
Their detailed analysis of the entirety of transcribed genes in more than 9,000 individual cells also revealed an unprecedented level of heterogeneity.
A web - based tool in which users can upload their individual SNP data and obtain predicted expression levels for the set of predictable genes across the 14 different cell types.
To directly measure the level of coordination in the expression of genes, we used highly sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to count individual mRNAs of functionally related and unrelated genes within single Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.
Our results revealed that transcript levels of temporally induced genes are highly correlated in individual cells.
Through long - established collaborations in Durban and Kimberley, these studies in particular seek to define: the immune responses that are effective in control of HIV infection; the impact of HLA - mediated selection pressure on HIV at the individual and population level; the mechanisms of HIV non-pathogenicity; the nature and consequences of ontogeny of the virus - specific immune response; and finally the prospects for interventions including antiretroviral therapy, alone or in combination with broadly neutralising antibodies and / or T - cell vaccines, to achieve HIV eradication.
Home > Press > Single - cell mRNA cytometry via sequence - specific nanoparticle clustering and trapping: Cell - to - cell variation in gene expression creates a need for techniques that can characterize expression at the level of individual ccell mRNA cytometry via sequence - specific nanoparticle clustering and trapping: Cell - to - cell variation in gene expression creates a need for techniques that can characterize expression at the level of individual cCell - to - cell variation in gene expression creates a need for techniques that can characterize expression at the level of individual ccell variation in gene expression creates a need for techniques that can characterize expression at the level of individual cells
Researchers here are cataloguing what makes cancer cells dangerous down at the level of individual genetic changes, how and why pathogens like malaria evolve to be more (or less) harmful and how humans adapt to those changes.
The viability of each individual cell was monitored by measuring the level of fluorescence of specific vital dyes that leak out from the damaged cell (PNB - induced cell damage was shown to have a disruptive mechanical nature [40,45,47]-RRB-.
ACTB mRNA expression levels in lymphoblastic lines and fibroblasts derived from affected individuals were decreased in comparison to those in control cells.