Intrinsic value is the value of
individual occasions of experience.
A serial nexus might be described as a «motion picture» film, in which a rapid series of
individual occasions of experience project movement.
In
our individual occasions of experience we are collectively deciding the very fate of process on this planet, and the size of this moral predicament is truly overwhelming.
The simplest way of understanding Whitehead's systematic need for a principle of order and novelty is to reflect on
the individual occasions of experience and how they come into being.
The process as a whole is the succession of these atomic units which are
the individual occasions of human experience.
In the language of physics, the simplest «physical feelings» are units of energy transference; or, rather, the physicist's idea that energy is transmitted according to quantum conditions is an abstraction from the concrete facts of the universe, which are
individual occasions of experience connected by their «physical feelings.»
Value is located finally in the individual occasion, in this case, most significantly, in
the individual occasion of animal experience.
Panexperientialism resists the completely deterministic interpretation of this idea, according to which the temporally prior condition fully determines every present event: When the event in question is
an individual occasion of experience, it has a mental pole, which is partly self - determining (In Whitehead's words, the ontological principle «could also be termed the «principle of efficient, and final, causation,»» because it says that «every condition to which the process of becoming conforms in any particular instance has its reason either in the character of some actual entity in the actual world of that concrescence or in the character of the subject which is in process of concrescence» [PR 24].)
Not exact matches
However, May's sincerity was questioned by Labour's Lisa Nandy, who reminded her
of three previous
occasions when, as Home Secretary, she had been failed to act on information suggesting that incriminating evidence against
individual MPs was routinely used by whips to enforce party discipline.
«Capital punishment on this particular
occasion was inappropriate and any expressions
of sympathy or compassion are extended in my capacity as a private
individual and not in any professional or public capacity.»
A Jewish soul and a German soul had connected on an
occasion of far more than
individual significance.
Such
individual importance in the components belongs to the essence
of Beauty... [It] requires the real
occasions of the advancing world each claiming its due share
of attention.
Now this is Leibnizian, and the source
of the trouble is that no provision has been made for a dimension
of divine freedom directed toward concrete
individuals as such, a dimension
of freedom which lies within the «weaving» itself
of God's feelings for actual
occasions.
The action
of a presiding
occasion constitutes a change in the context which produces a change in the
individuals within it.
The relations
of an
individual to the wider world are, generally speaking, analogous to those
of an
occasion to other value - experiences.
For, while Hartshorne allowed for the reality
of structured societies and only specified that their unity as compound
individuals was effected through the presence and activity
of a dominant personally ordered subsociety, Ford equivalently wants to eliminate the reality
of structured societies altogether, at least insofar as they function as compound
individuals rather than as simple aggregates
of occasions.
This adventure embraces all particular
occasions but as an actual fact stands beyond any one
of them... [It] includes among its components all
individual realities, each with the importance
of the personal or social fact to which it belongs.
Rather, specifically human existence is, in Whitehead's term, a «personal society,» i.e., a temporal sequence
of occasions which share, by virtue
of inheritance from the earlier to the later, a defining characteristic that makes the man or woman in question just this
individual and not some other.
The key point here, at least for our purposes in this essay, is that the structured society or field
of activity is «alive» because
of the interrelated
individual agencies
of all its constituent
occasions.
In effect, then, the «system» or field
of activity in question (e.g., a cell) is alive in virtue
of a collective agency derivative from the interrelated
individual agencies
of all its constituent
occasions.
Human action is discussed in terms
of the relations
of human
individuals to other human
individuals and to subhuman aggregates or societies
of occasions.
There are also three paragraphs inserted into chapter 6 on «The Nineteenth Century» (SMW 153 - 55), indicated by the fact that «these
individual enduring entities» in the very next sentence refers back to the final sentence just before the inserted material.2 Later new insights about eternal objects and God were added in the two metaphysical chapters, using the new concept
of «actual
occasion» for the first time.
To be sure, the
individual shared in all this, had his vivid experiences and interests as a part
of it, was doubtless on
occasion independently rebellious and aggressive.
While the
occasions are indeed
individual «creatures,» their distinct individuality depends upon eternal objects as forms
of definiteness.
to the complex
of relations an
individual actual
occasion has with past actual
occasions and eternal objects (cf. EMW 116).
But in terms
of their
individual essences only a selection
of eternal objects ingresses into each actual
occasion.
Like the Leibnizian monad, the
occasion is individuated by its
individual essence, its particular perspective; but unlike the Leibnizian monad this essence is not predicated
of the
occasion as a substantial substratum, but enters into the inner constitution
of the
occasion as «a vector transmission
of emotional feeling» or, in the language
of physics, «the transmission
of a form
of energy» from past
occasions via the eternal objects that communicate the emotional form and make possible the subsequent reenactment by the prehending
occasion (PR 315 / 479f.).
The whole doctrine
of the future is to be understood in terms
of the account
of the process
of self - completion
of each
individual actual
occasion» (AI 247).
This function, which is God's giving
of an initial aim to each new
occasion, is more like the
individual creation
of each human soul than the single act by which matter was created.
On any
occasion of discrimination against or cruelty towards Jews — whether
individual or collective — he was, instinctively, firmly on the Jewish side.
Christian controversies mobilized
individual congregations
of believers within each city, provoking, on
occasion, major riots, and frequent processions and counterprocessions.
The transfigured one's visit to you as an
individual will give you that courage
of frankness — but what am I speaking
of — and if you actively consider the
occasion of this talk, then you will stand as an
individual before a still more exalted one who, none the less, thinks still more humanly — about the meanness
of the occupation, but also infinitely more purely about which occupation is truly honorable.
In his main work, Difference and Repetition (1968), he has shown why the conception
of concrete immediacy in and between
occasions must not be considered naive in a post-Hegelian sense, but post-Hegelian altogether.15 In order to achieve this aim, Deleuze replaces the categorization
of the world into the general and the
individual in favor
of the distinction
of the universal and the singular.16 On the level
of abstraction, «mediation» describes the analysis
of that which is subjected to a «law.»
In the project
of self - creation throughout his life, man must strive to bring these values into aesthetic harmony aiming at intensity
of feeling both in its subjective immediacy and in the relevant
occasions beyond itself to achieve objective immortality.63 And man realizes that to achieve his
individual destiny he must create civilizations which embody truth and beauty.
But Ford's is not ultimately a metaphysics
of subjectivity; what is ultimately real are
individual actual
occasions.
Just as there is a temporal ordering
of all
of the actual
occasions in the universe, so there is a temporal ordering
of prehensions in the process
of concrescence
of each
individual actual
occasion.
It is thus not necessary for my argument for me to introduce more technical parts
of the Whiteheadian scheme such as the difference between a physical entity (an
occasion dominated by physical prehensions) and a material entity (a society
of physical
occasions) and to distinguish correspondingly between the physical properties
of individual occasions and the material properties
of societies
of occasions.
But if we hold, as for example in Process and Reality, that all final
individual actualities have the metaphysical character
of occasions of experience, then on that hypothesis the direct evidence as to the connectedness
of one's immediately present
occasion of experience with one's immediately past
occasions, can be validly used to suggest categories applying to the connectedness
of all
occasions in nature.
This emphasis is balanced by an equal emphasis on the dynamic internal event
of an actual
occasion coming to be a unique
individual unifying the world through a synthesis
of its feelings.
For Husserl every actuality (Whitehead's actual
Occasion) is an expression
of an essence (Whitehead's eternal object); experience is composed
of «
individual instances
of... essences» (Ideas 113).
I must stress that it is this property
of spatial extendedness claimed for the
individual occasions which I am taking as the test case for the ability
of the Whiteheadian analysis to furnish an account
of properties generally regarded as material.
6 In a conformal feeling, an eternal object already ingressed as characterizing the subjective form
of an
individual objectification given for a nascent
occasion is reingressed as a character
of the subjective form
of the nascent subject's prehension
of that objectification (PR 476, 364, 78).
The mental pole
of complex presiding
occasions permits great
individual initiative to be expressed with unrivalled intensity, originality, and depth, all because their dominant strands are nestled in a structured subservient hierarchy
of societies.
10 It seems obvious that the whole person acts, not an
individual occasion, especially since an
occasion is one ten trillionth
of a second in duration.
We hold that the test for actuality is the ability to act, to exert power and influence on the coming to be
of individual quantum events and larger societies
of occasions.
The criterion
of repetition
of common characteristics does not imply that subjectivity should be objectified, but together with the claim that conscious
occasions are spacy it implies that
individual conscious
occasions must be objectified so they can be prehended by successor
occasions.
The intuition that I, with my conscious experience, am an actual
individual with the power
of self - determination, to make decisions and to cause my body to do my bidding, is reconciled with the equally strong sense that my body is real, and that it exerts powerful causation upon me, in terms
of the speculative hypothesis that all actual
occasions are
occasions of experience, so that interaction
of body and mind is not the unintelligible interaction
of unlikes (the unintelligibility
of which has led philosophers to deny the distinct actuality either
of the mind or
of the body).
If so, our endeavor becomes once more interpretive, hopefully illuminating such passages as: «In this way God is completed by the
individual, fluent satisfactions
of finite fact, and the temporal
occasions are completed by their everlasting union with their transformed selves, purged into conformation with the eternal order which is the final absolute «wisdom»» (PR 527; italics added).
By an actual entity with a strong intensity
of conceptual feeling, the qualities common to many
individual occasions in its immediate environment can be «fused into one dominating impression» which masks the differences between those
occasions.
The membership
of the complex structured society which is the electron is not, properly speaking, any
of the subordinate societies or nexus
of the electron, such as the personally ordered society, the enduring object, which constitutes the «life»
of the electron, but, rather, the
individual actual
occasions of which these subordinate entities are composed.