Sentences with phrase «infant brainstem»

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Abnormalities of the brainstem serotonergic system in the sudden infant death syndrome: A review.

Serotonergenic brainstem abnormalities in Northern Plains Indians with the sudden infant death syndrome.

Multiple serotonergenic brainstem abnormalities in sudden infant death syndrome.

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The health risks associated with formula feeding for premature infants include increased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, 5 delayed brainstem maturation, 6 decreased scoring on cognitive and developmental tests,7 - 10 and decreased visual development.11, 12 Thus, human - milk feeding of premature infants is desirable, and effective strategies to increase breastfeeding rates in this population are needed.

Brainstem abnormalities that involve the medullary serotonergic (5 - hydroxytryptamine [5 - HT]-RRB- system in up to 70 % of infants who die from SIDS are the most robust and specific neuropathologic findings associated with SIDS and have been confirmed in several independent data sets and laboratories.37, — , 40 This area of the brainstem plays a key role in coordinating many respiratory, arousal, and autonomic functions and, when dysfunctional, might prevent normal protective responses to stressors that commonly occur duriBrainstem abnormalities that involve the medullary serotonergic (5 - hydroxytryptamine [5 - HT]-RRB- system in up to 70 % of infants who die from SIDS are the most robust and specific neuropathologic findings associated with SIDS and have been confirmed in several independent data sets and laboratories.37, — , 40 This area of the brainstem plays a key role in coordinating many respiratory, arousal, and autonomic functions and, when dysfunctional, might prevent normal protective responses to stressors that commonly occur duribrainstem plays a key role in coordinating many respiratory, arousal, and autonomic functions and, when dysfunctional, might prevent normal protective responses to stressors that commonly occur during sleep.

Postmortem studies of Northern Plains American Indian infants revealed that prenatal cigarette smoking was significantly associated with decreased serotonin receptor binding in the brainstem.

In animal models, exposure to cigarette smoke or nicotine during fetal development alters the expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in areas of the brainstem important for autonomic function, 28 alters the neuronal excitability of neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (a brainstem region important for sensory integration), 29 and alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors.30 In human infants, there are strong associations between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and serotonin receptors in the brainstem during development.31 Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke attenuates recovery from hypoxia in preterm infants, 32 decreases heart rate variability in preterm33 and term34 infants, and abolishes the normal relationship between heart rate and gestational age at birth.33 Moreover, infants of smoking mothers exhibit impaired arousal patterns to trigeminal stimulation in proportion to urinary cotinine levels.35 It is important to note also that prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke alters the normal programming of cardiovascular reflexes such that there is a greater - than - expected increase in blood pressure and heart rate in response to breathing 4 % carbon dioxide or a 60 ° head - up tilt.36 These changes in autonomic function, arousal, and cardiovascular reflexes might all increase an infant's vulnerability to SIDS.

Brainstem mechanisms underlying the sudden infant death syndrome: evidence from human pathologic studies

Developmental neurotransmitter pathology in the brainstem of sudden infant death syndrome: a review and sleep position

Serotoninergic receptor 1A in the sudden infant death syndrome brainstem medulla and associations with clinical risk factors