Lastly, increased systemic inflammation seen during
ageing is also apparent in chronic infections such HIV or cytomegalovirus, 10,15 obesity7 and individuals enduring chronic psychological stress.16 Similarly, the main features
of immunosenescence are apparent in many
of these conditions, including decreased antibody responses, increased infections, malignancies and also incidences
of inflammatory associated disorders such as cardiovascular
disease.7, 10,15,16 Inflammation and premature immunosenescence are, therefore, prevalent features
of many common conditions
of modern life, such as obesity and stress, and could have negative health consequences for large proportions
of society well before
old age is reached.