There is a small
influence on hurricane formation but there is no evidence that the NAO has long multi-decadal cycles (separate from a small forced response from the oceans or potentially from stratospheric processes)-- it is best characterised by slightly red noise.
SST is not the only
influence on hurricane formation.
Do you really think the fact that waters are warmer and atmospheric moisture content is higher now due to man - made global warming (not to mention the «blocking high» over Greenland due to Arctic climate change) may be less of
an influence on Hurricane Sandy than some other currently unobserved changes to our climate that occurred 3000 years ago?
«At this point it's really uncertain if there's any detectable human
influence on any hurricane or tropical cyclone metric,» Tom Knutson, an NOAA meteorologist who studies hurricanes, says.
«At this point it's really uncertain if there's any detectable human
influence on any hurricane or tropical cyclone metric,» Tom Knutson, an NOAA meteorologist who studies hurricanes, told Vox in October.
Estimating the human
influence on hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria.
There are two big climate
influences on hurricanes — the Pacific Ocean's El Niño / La Niña cycle and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO).
Natural climate variability — including the periodic swings between El Nià ± o and La Nià ± a conditions in the Pacific — will sometimes overshadow global warming's
influence on hurricanes, Trenberth said.
Such reports could be on topics like climate change's
influence on hurricanes, the so - called «pause» in the increase of average global surface temperatures or the climate implications of natural gas.
However, a confident assessment of human
influence on hurricanes will require further studies using models and observations, with emphasis on distinguishing natural from human - induced changes in hurricane activity through their influence on factors such as historical sea surface temperatures, wind shear, and atmospheric vertical stability.
It is possible that GW has a discernable
influence on hurricanes and yet has no discernable influence on hurricane impacts (however measured).
The implication of this statement reads like GW has no disercnable
influence on hurricanes, like GW has nothing to do with warmer air.
Not exact matches
Science questions the answers, e.g.
hurricanes are caused by warm moist ocean air being drawn up into the cooler atmosphere and creating a wind pattern though we are still open to consider other factors that may have
influence on this cycle.
He said scientists need about a century's worth of good data to start making sophisticated predictions about the
influence of human - caused climate change
on hurricane frequency.
«The three papers come to perhaps different numbers, but we're all within uncertainty ranges, well within them, and lends confidence to the statement that there was a significant human
influence on the amount of precipitation that was produced by
Hurricane Harvey,» he said.
In the GRL study, researchers used a statistical model based
on historical climate data to separate how much of the extreme rainfall from
Hurricane Harvey was due to natural
influences and how much was due to human
influences.
«Although seas have risen and warmed, and the atmosphere now holds more moisture, we can't yet draw definitive conclusions about the
influence of climate change
on Hurricane Harvey.
He wanted to talk about political
influence and big - money funders through the lens of two reform - oriented school systems — New Orleans (suggesting that teacher layoffs could be blamed
on TFA and not
Hurricane Katrina) and Chicago (pointing to school closings and mayoral control, as if either of those two policies had anything to do with TFA).
However, this could be related more to the
influence of
hurricanes, which appear to be the main determining factor in alterations to the physical characteristics of the cayes though, as mentioned above, this seems to be focused mainly
on the Barrier Reef Cayes.
Unfortunately for policymakers and the public, while the basic science pointing to a rising human
influence on climate is clear, many of the most important questions will remain surrounded by deep complexity and uncertainty for a long time to come: the pace at which seas will rise, the extent of warming from a certain buildup of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), the impact
on hurricanes, the particular effects in particular places (what global warming means for Addis Ababa or Atlanta).
By Gray's very clearly articulated reasoning, there should have been a downturn, not the observed upturn in major Atlantic
hurricane activity over the past several decades (in the absence of other — including anthropogenic —
influences on tropical Atlantic climate) if Bryden et al.'s results are correct.
When discussing the
influence of anthropogenic global warming
on hurricane or tropical cyclone (TC) frequency and intensity (see e.g. here, here, and here), it is important to examine observed past trends.
On the science pointing to a greenhouse
influence, read Michael Levi's latest post, «How Likely Was
Hurricane Sandy?»
... «dust emissions have a wide impact
on climate and weather, from modifying rainfall thousands of miles away, to
influencing hurricane intensity and affecting air quality».
Here are a few references
on the various ocean / atmosphere oscillations that could
influence hurricanes: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5731/41 (the AMO) http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/oceananddrought.html (ENSO, AO / NAO, AMO, PDO)
Based
on the results of the causality tests, the author concludes that it is global near - surface air temperature that
influences sea surface temperature, and not the other way around — which supports the global warming - induced increase in
hurricane intensity.
So,
on the one hand you have the claim that Atlantic
hurricane intensity is controlled by the AMO, whose mechanism is poorly understood but which has something to do with the meridional overturning circulation, which is
influenced by the sinking of water off of Greenland.
On the question of
hurricanes, the theoretical arguments that more energy and water vapor in the atmosphere should lead to stronger storms are really sound (after all, storm intensity increases going from pole toward equator), but determining precisely how human
influences (so including GHGs [greenhouse gases] and aerosols, and land cover change) should be changing
hurricanes in a system where there are natural external (solar and volcanoes) and internal (e.g., ENSO, NAO [El Nino - Southern Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation]-RRB-
influences is quite problematic — our climate models are just not good enough yet to carry out the types of sensitivity tests that have been done using limited area
hurricane models run for relatively short times.
These results also highlight the
influence of a weakening of the AMOC
on the recent decline of Atlantic major
hurricane frequency during 2005 - 2015.
A new study by Jessica Weinkle (University of Colorado), Ryan Maue (Naval Research Laboratory), and Roger Pielke, Jr. (University of Colorado) dumps more cold water
on claims that global warming significantly (detectably)
influences hurricane behavior.
Back in 1987, I wrote the first paper
on the topic of how climate change might
influence hurricanes, showing that the thermodynamic «speed limit»
on hurricane winds would increase as the climate warms.
In our view, this type of deals only serves as a band - aid
on a very serious issue because they can not prevent Haiti from being hit by climate change
influenced weather events such as extreme floods or severe
hurricanes.
[Response: This is just two bits of speculation
on my part, but it is conceivable that a) the
influence of ENSO is of a different character than the
influence from SST (i.e. there is more happening than a similar increase in
hurricane intensity / number), and ii) the different frequency distribution of ENSO events compared to variations in SST (or PDI) mean that the signal is stronger compared to the noise in that frequency band.
Finally, I think what the media really want to know when they ask about Katrina and global warming is whether the connection is «significant», and I don't think there's consensus there, partly as Gavin says, that's a matter of semantics, partly it's a genuine disagreement as to how important global warming is where
hurricanes are concerned compared to other factors, and how «significant» an argument the
influence of global warming
on hurricanes is for deciding energy policy.
Observational records of tropical storm and
hurricanes are essential in order to discern how climatic changes have
influenced tropical storms and
hurricanes, and to build predictive understanding of the
influence of climate
on hurricanes.
The experiment that will be run with this model will initially be looking at the
influence of human - caused climate change
on two unusual weather events in 2004/5: the very wet winter season over the northwest of Mexico and the anomalous wet summer over the southeast of Mexico, which was the most active Atlantic
hurricane season in recorded history.
However, to gain insight
on the
influence of climate change
on Atlantic tropical storm and
hurricane frequency, we must focus
on longer (> 100 yr) records of Atlantic
hurricane activity since very strong year - to - year and decade - to - decade variability appears in records of Atlantic tropical cyclones.
But the jury's still out
on how precisely
hurricanes and tornadoes are
influenced by climate change.
This anti-correlation might indicate the a direct
influence of dust
on hurricanes, or a connection between the dry air the dust resides in and
hurricanes, or might even be related to a much larger scale pattern which controls both
hurricanes and dustiness.
The presence of these natural oscillations can mask or enhance the potential
influence of human - caused warming
on hurricane activity.