There are a number of other factors that can
influence pregnancy weight gain.
Not exact matches
The
influence of breast surgery, breast appearance, and
pregnancy - induced breast changes on lactation sufficiency as measured by infant
weight gain.
Still, the point remains that
weight gain during the first half of
pregnancy (and even before it) may have outsized
influence on the baby's growth.
Similar results, described in PLOS ONE, come from a 2017 study of Vietnamese women:
Weight gain during the first half of pregnancy had two to three times the influence on infant birth outcomes than weight gain in the second half of preg
Weight gain during the first half of
pregnancy had two to three times the
influence on infant birth outcomes than
weight gain in the second half of preg
weight gain in the second half of
pregnancy.
The process by which a mother's diet during
pregnancy can permanently affect her offspring's attributes, such as
weight, could be strongly
influenced by genetic variation in an unexpected part of the genome, according to research led by Queen Mary University of London (QMUL).
How long you carry extra
weight may
influence how much the skin will become taut after the
weight loss: For example, compare a 9 month
pregnancy with 9 years carrying 100 excess pounds.
I actually just came across this interesting study showing that a mothers diet during
pregnancy can
influence the stress response (and cortisol output) of their child even 20 years into life, contributing to
weight gain.
Regarding the child, the importance of the intrauterine and early postnatal environments for metabolic programming and modifications of the epigenome is increasingly recognised, 12 — 14 particularly for metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.15 Thus, GDM is related to macrosomia at birth (> 4 kg), to excess body fat and (central) obesity and to insulin secretion in infants and children, the obesity being in part mediated by maternal body mass index (BMI) or birth
weight.16 — 23 Intrauterine exposure to GDM also doubles the risk for subsequent type 2 diabetes in offspring compared with offspring of mothers with a high genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes, but with normal glucose tolerance during the index
pregnancy.24 Maternal prepregnancy overweight and excessive gestational
weight gain also predict high birth
weight and adiposity during infancy.12 25 This is highly relevant, as up to 60 % — 70 % of women with GDM are overweight or obese before
pregnancy.26 Finally, maternal lifestyle behaviour such as a high fat diet or lack of physical activity during
pregnancy can
influence offspring adiposity independent of maternal obesity.12 27
To this end, we assessed pre - and perinatal risk factors (
pregnancy duration, birth
weight, maternal smoking during
pregnancy), transgenerational
influences (parental ADHD, for ADHD - only and ADHD + ODD parental warmth and parental criticism as well), and postnatal risk factors (socioeconomic status [SES], adverse life events, deviant peer affiliations) in three groups: ADHD + ODD, ADHD - only, and typically developing controls.