To get around this problem, researchers have
inserted genes for these enzymes into biofuel - making bugs.
Not exact matches
The scientists used CRISPR, a
gene - editing tool, to alter
inserted genes so that the
enzymes for which they coded would work most efficiently amid the exotic acidity, osmotic character and chemical composition of their new home.
Scientists from Harvard University, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Missouri at Columbia devised another solution:
inserting into pig cells a
gene that codes
for an
enzyme that converts omega - 6s to omega - 3s.
Oncologists William Hahn, Robert Weinberg, and colleagues at the Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, mutated the
gene for one part of the
enzyme and
inserted it into cultured human cells from colon, ovary, and breast tumors.
Guided by specially tailored RNA molecules, the
gene for the
enzyme can be
inserted anywhere on the chromosomes, and it delivers an attached transgene to the site, like a locomotive pulling a freight car.
After just a single dose, rat intestinal cells pumped out bacterial lactase
for up to 6 months — showing that the gut cells had
inserted the
gene into their DNA and were using it to manufacture the
enzyme.
In 2009, researchers at Dow AgroSciences in Indianapolis, Indiana, and Sangamo BioSciences in Richmond, California, announced that they had used
enzymes called zinc - finger nucleases to
insert a
gene for herbicide resistance at a specific site in the maize genome (V. K. Shukla et al..
Guessing that worm burgers would never catch on, Jing Kang and colleagues at Harvard Medical School in Boston
inserted the worm
gene for an
enzyme that turns omega - 6 fatty acids into omega - 3's in mice.
By
inserting the
gene for a new trait alongside
genes for a DNA - cutting
enzyme and an RNA guide, scientists can prompt a cell to slice out copies of the original, wild - type
gene from its chromosomes and use the
inserted gene as a template
for repair.
They did so by
inserting mutations into the bacterial
gene that codes
for the
enzyme, then subsequently selecting mutants that were particularly effective at clipping off the antigens.
To create non-browning apples, Okanagan's researchers
inserted short snippets of the native apple
genes for these
enzymes into their cultivars.