Although the only previous longitudinal epidemiologic study to use global measures of carbohydrate consumption found no relation between dietary GI and depression, this was a study of
intake during pregnancy and the prediction of postpartum depression 2 — 9 mo after giving birth (15).
Adequate calcium
intake during pregnancy is also important for the bone health of the mother.
Scholl, T. O., Hediger, M. L., Schall, J. I., Fischer, R. L., and Khoo, C. S. Low zinc
intake during pregnancy: its association with preterm and very preterm delivery.
14Greenwood D.C. et al. (2010) Caffeine
intake during pregnancy, late miscarriage and stillbirth.
20Sengpiel V. et al. (2013) Maternal caffeine
intake during pregnancy is associated with birth weight but not with gestational length: results from a large prospective observational cohort study.
30CARE Study Group (2008) Maternal caffeine
intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study.
Maternal fish
intake during pregnancy, blood mercury levels, and child cognition at age 3 years in a US cohort.
A future mother's exposure to mercury from fish
intake during pregnancy appears to raise the risk of the baby having a smaller brain.
Maternal caffeine
intake during pregnancy and childhood growth and overweight: results from a large Norwegian prospective observational cohort study, BMJ Open, published online.
This was confirmed by a meta - analysis, including 15 cohort studies and 7 case - control studies, where no important association between caffeine
intake during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth was observed17.
This is namely the case in a study by Weng et al. 11 upon which several professional associations based an upper safe limit for caffeine
intake during pregnancy.
A paper by Weng et al. published in 200811 created a degree of confusion surrounding the safe level of caffeine
intake during pregnancy and led various organisations to provide different advice.
An underestimation of maternal caffeine
intake during pregnancy could not be excluded, since the questionnaire was carried out on the last day before delivery18.
Greenwood D.C. et al. (2014) Caffeine
intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose - response meta - analysis.
Adjustment was made for maternal age, gestation at baseline, region of residence at baseline, number of children at baseline, maternal and paternal education, household income, maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, maternal alcohol
intake during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, child's birth weight, child's sex, breastfeeding duration, and smoking in the household during the first year of life.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that the combined effect of smoking and coffee
intake during pregnancy on the risk of foetal death is coffee - dose - dependent.
This study adds supporting evidence for the current advice to reduce caffeine
intake during pregnancy.
Objectives: To study the association between maternal caffeine
intake during pregnancy and the child's weight gain and overweight risk up to 8 years.
According to the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), these are the recommended levels of daily iodine
intake during pregnancy and lactation:
Associations between maternal free sugar
intake during pregnancy and atopy without asthma, nonatopic and atopic asthma # in the offspring
The significant associations of maternal free sugar
intake during pregnancy with childhood atopy and atopic asthma remained, unattenuated, on mutual adjustment for paternal (respectively, maternal) post-natal exposure (table 4 and supplementary table E4, respectively).
Maternal characteristics which differed across quintiles of free sugar
intake during pregnancy included age, parity, pregnancy size, season of birth, breastfeeding duration, educational level, ethnicity, housing tenure, financial difficulties, anxiety level, tobacco exposure and infection during pregnancy.
Comparison of associations of childhood atopy and atopic asthma with maternal free sugar
intake during pregnancy versus paternal intake after pregnancy
The daily recommendation for caffeine
intake during pregnancy is 200 mg or less.
Thus choline
intake during pregnancy may have a very long - term impact on memory and brain function from infancy into adulthood.
Caffeine
intake during pregnancy can also decrease the number of viable sperm a male child has later in life, the study notes.
Understanding the role of soy constituents, such as daidzein, on AβPP (amyloid - β protein precursor) synthesis and metabolism and modulation of
intake during pregnancy and infancy could reduce seizure incidence and prevent neurological damage.»
, Maternal caffeine
intake during pregnancy is associated with birth weight but not with gestational length: results from a large prospective observational cohort study, 2013
«The results support the current recommendations to limit caffeine
intake during pregnancy to less than 200 milligrams [mg] of caffeine per day, which is approximately two to three cups of black coffee,» said lead researcher Eleni Papadopoulou.
«Our study does not have the right design to draw conclusions on a safe threshold of caffeine
intake during pregnancy,» Papadopoulou said.
Caffeine
intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose - response meta - analysis.
No important association between caffeine
intake during pregnancy and risk of pre-term birth were observed in either cohort or case - control studies.
«However, our findings might indeed influence the recommendations for energy
intake during pregnancy.
Stratakis N, Zeegers MP, Chatzi L. Fish
Intake During Pregnancy and Offspring Adiposity - letter.
Choline
intake during pregnancy can influence infant metabolism and brain development, according to a series of studies from the University of Illinois.
There is no clear answer about the optimal amount and type of fish
intake during pregnancy with regard to child growth and development.
Adequate vitamin A
intake during pregnancy is needed for offspring to fully develop an immune system and fend off disease, researchers working with mice report March 19 in Nature.
The DTI images — taken at an average of 20 days after birth — were used to associate maternal iron
intake during pregnancy to differences in cortical gray matter and, to a lesser extent, in major axonal pathways within the underlying white matter of the brain.
Altogether, this research suggests that both mom and baby benefit from higher choline
intake during pregnancy.
Pulque
intake during pregnancy and lactation in rural Mexico: alcohol and child growth from 1 to 57 months.
You can reduce
your intake during pregnancy by reducing the amount of coffee and tea you drink, or by using caffeine - free varieties or herbal teas.
Low levels of choline
intake during pregnancy may contribute to poor cognitive development and birth defects, explaining why the AMA recommended evidence - based amounts of choline be included in all prenatal vitamins.
It is essential for you to get enough calcium
intake during pregnancy, otherwise your baby will draw calcium from your bones which will have a negative impact on your health.
Research suggests that getting enough magnesium
intake during pregnancy can assist with preventing the uterus from contracting too early in the pregnancy.
«Too much alcohol
intake during pregnancy can lead to poor growth and improper brain development in the foetus.
Pregnant women receive strict advice about avoiding alcohol
intake during pregnancy.
The scientists discovered that limiting fat
intake during pregnancy had a profound and positive effect on the gut microbiomes of the mother and her young.
These findings underscore the need for additional studies on the potential negative impact of high folate
intake during pregnancy.
In addition, inadequate dietary
intake during pregnancy and early childhood — which may be a consequence of food insecurity — can increase the risk for (Black et al, 2011; Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2010; Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2015; Haider et al., 2013):
Source IV: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Prolonged periods without food
intake during pregnancy increase risk for elevated maternal corticotropin - releasing hormone concentrations.