Famously studied by Konrad Lorenz (whose parentless geese became very attached to him and his boots) and Mary Ainsworth (observing mother - infant
interactions under laboratory conditions), the scientific story of attachment began from direct observation of behaviour, to inferences about the inner mental state either driving it or resulting from it.
Studies that have explored species responses to biotic stimuli and
interactions under ocean acidification
conditions using
laboratory experiments [25 — 28]-RRB- and field observations or manipulations around CO2 vents [29 — 32] provide some evidence that species
interactions and community dynamics can be fundamentally affected.