This is hardly surprising, given that the Fed began paying
interest on bank reserves in October 2008 — a move designed to encourage banks to build up excess reserves, instead of increasing lending.
Not exact matches
It has done this by offering attractive
interest rates
on banks»
reserves held at the Fed, so the
banks keep their excess funds there instead of lend them out to borrowers
in the economy.
In addition, the Federal
Reserve developed a term deposit facility to drain
banks»
reserve balances.14 This playbook of draining
reserves back to
reserve scarcity to support the transmission of
interest on reserves into market rates is standard among central
banks.
The helicopter drop is the transfer payment that the BoJ is making to
banks on their existing
reserves, which is unnecessary
in conventional monetary policy: it is neither a regulatory requirement nor an
interest rate which affects market rates.
It has done so by introducing three distinct
interest rates
on reserves: required
reserves — which
banks must hold — these are paid zero, and are relatively small
in quantity; existing
reserves — these are now paid 10bps; and a new third tier — a «policy balance» which will be paid minus 10bps.
During the interim, the Federal
Reserve indicates that it expects to limit the extent to which
banks lend out the base money created
in Step 1, through a policy of paying
interest on bank reserve balances.
As part of these
bank -
reserve writings I addressed the reasoning behind the Fed's decision to start paying
interest on reserves, reaching the conclusion that the decision had been taken to enable the Fed Funds Rate (FFR) to be hiked
in the future without contracting the supplies of
reserves and money.
The purpose of this post is to point out that while the payment of
interest on bank reserves is now the Fed's primary tool for implementing rate hikes, there are two other tools that the Fed will use over the years ahead
in its efforts to manipulate short - term US
interest rates and distort the economy.
The Fed has made several 0.25 % increases
in its targeted
interest rates, but the main effect of these rate hikes is to increase the amount of money the Fed pays to the commercial
banks in the form of
interest on reserves (IOR).
Of course those views were also wrong: the
banking system can not immediately adjust to a large injection of
reserves; even absent
interest on excess
reserves, it takes decades for new
reserves to expand the money supply as lending opportunities are limited at a given point
in time.
Increases
on the rate you'll get
in a savings or money market account typically lag increases
in loan rates — and since most
banks have plenty of money
in reserves now, they have little incentive to raise the
interest they pay.
To compel the Fed to switch from its current «leaky floor» monetary control system, based
on paying
banks an above - market return
on their excess
reserves, to a more orthodox system
in which the
interest rate
on excess
reserves defines the lower bound of a fed funds rate «corridor,» all that's needed is a slight clarification of existing law.
In a floor system,
banks are kept flush with excess
reserves, and monetary control is exercised, not be adjusting the quantity of
reserves so as to achieve a particular equilibrium federal funds rate, but by manipulating the
interest rate the Fed pays
on banks» required and excess reserves holdings, alone or along with the Fed's overnight reverse - repo (ON - RRP) rat
on banks» required and excess
reserves holdings, alone or along with the Fed's overnight reverse - repo (
ON - RRP) rat
ON - RRP) rate.
So with the transfer window just around the corner and with the Arsenal shareholder Lord Harris having helpfully told the world that the club is sitting
on cash
reserves of something like # 200 million
in the
bank, Arsene Wenger is concerned that the price of any player he is
interested in will suddenly go up, as explained
in a Daily Mail report.
The longer low rates go
on through
interest on reserves, the greater the tendency to build up imbalances
in the
banking system through credit and
interest rate risks.
As I noted this past January
in Sixteen Cents: Pushing the Unstable Limits of Monetary Policy, a collapse
in short - term yields to nearly zero is a predictable outcome of QE2, based
on the very robust historical relationship between short - term
interest rates and the amount of cash and
bank reserves (monetary base) that people are willing to hold per dollar of nominal GDP:
Millions of people who don't
bank online are missing out
on the best
interest rates, which are increasingly
reserved for online - only accounts, says Laura Shannon
in the Daily Mail.
In response the Fed now pays
interest on excess
reserves banks hold at the Fed and uses reverse re-purchase agreements to adjust the fed funds rate target.
In practice, monetary policy conducted by paying
interest on bank reserves is untested.
Federal fund
interest rates are sensitive to the FOMC operations that have a direct impact
on the
reserve supplies
in banks.
But
in October 2008, the Federal Reserve gained the authority to pay
banks interest on their excess
reserves.