Findings show that the intervention had significant direct effects on youth
internalizing symptoms at 30 months post-baseline.
In addition, the cascading mediation model was supported in which the Familias Unidas intervention predicted significant improvements in parent - adolescent communication at 6 months, subsequently decreasing externalizing behaviors at 18 months, and ultimately reducing youth
internalizing symptoms at 30 months post-baseline.
MST decreased adolescent externalizing and
internalizing symptoms at post treatment, decreased incarceration at a 1.7 - year follow - up and decreased recidivism.
Not exact matches
Relational victimization, experienced by boys and girls
at similar levels, was related to higher levels of relational aggression and
internalizing problems such as
symptoms of depression and of anxiety, as well as lower levels of received prosocial behavior like peer support and help (called prosocial support).
However, because the duration of the current maternal depressive episode
at baseline was correlated with the number of children's
internalizing and externalizing
symptoms at baseline (Cynthia Ewell - Foster, PhD, et al, unpublished data, December 2005), and the extent of children's improvement following maternal remission depended on the magnitude of improvement in their mothers, reverse causation is not likely to fully account for the association between maternal remission and child improvement.
As a result, they tend to spend more time onlooking (watching other children without joining) and hovering on the edge of social groups.8, 11 There is some evidence to suggest that young depressive children also experience social impairment.12 For example, children who display greater depressive
symptoms are more likely to be rejected by peers.10 Moreover, deficits in social skills (e.g., social participation, leadership) and peer victimization predict depressive
symptoms in childhood.13, 14 There is also substantial longitudinal evidence linking social withdrawal in childhood with the later development of more significant
internalizing problems.15, 16,17 For example, Katz and colleagues18 followed over 700 children from early childhood to young adulthood and described a pathway linking social withdrawal
at age 5 years — to social difficulties with peers
at age 15 years — to diagnoses of depression
at age 20 years.
Target Population: Adolescents 11 to 18 with the following
symptoms or problems: substance abuse or
at risk, delinquent / conduct disorder, school and other behavioral problems, and both
internalizing and externalizing
symptoms
Results indicated that
at 3 - month follow - up there were comparable improvements over time in PTSS and the secondary outcomes of severity and
internalizing symptoms in both SC - TF - CBT and TF - CBT.
We have also documented improvements in students»
internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression) following implementation of Strong Kids, particularly for
at - risk students.
A closer inspection of their results, however, shows children lower in
internalizing problems actually showed fewer externalizing
symptoms at follow - up even though the rate of improvement was lower than those with higher initial
internalizing symptoms.
In general, the child characteristics that were significant predictors of treatment outcomes followed a similar pattern to that for the parent characteristics, with children showing poorer initial functioning showing greater gains with treatment (i.e., more
internalizing symptoms, more temperamental difficulty, greater functional impairment), but the children with less severe initial problems showing lower levels of ODD - related
symptoms at each trial.
For
internalizing symptoms (parent reported), combined treatment and medication management symbols overlapped
at the 14 - month data point.
When the Sensitive - Isolated predictors were considered, academic and job competence
at the 10 - year follow - up were predicted uniquely and negatively by peer exclusion, problems in the social and romantic domains were predicted distinctively by withdrawal from peers, and
internalizing symptoms were uniquely predicted by childhood reputation as Sad - Sensitive.
Results indicated when compared with the TAU group, no child in the MBCT - C group had clinically elevated
symptoms in
internalizing and attention problems
at the two - month follow - up.
Children who have disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure have been shown to be vulnerable to stress, have problems with regulation and control of negative emotions, and display oppositional, hostile - aggressive behaviours, and coercive styles of interaction.2, 3 They may exhibit low self - esteem,
internalizing and externalizing problems in the early school years, poor peer interactions, unusual or bizarre behaviour in the classroom, high teacher ratings of dissociative behaviour and
internalizing symptoms in middle childhood, high levels of teacher - rated social and behavioural difficulties in class, low mathematics attainment, and impaired formal operational skills.3 They may show high levels of overall psychopathology
at 17 years.3 Disorganized attachment with a primary attachment figure is over-represented in groups of children with clinical problems and those who are victims of maltreatment.1, 2,3 A majority of children with early disorganized attachment with their primary attachment figure during infancy go on to develop significant social and emotional maladjustment and psychopathology.3, 4 Thus, an attachment - based intervention should focus on preventing and / or reducing disorganized attachment.
However,
at the earlier waves,
internalizing symptoms were only protective for youth high in externalizing
symptoms.
High levels of
internalizing symptoms were prospectively associated with low levels of SU, and this protective effect was only evident
at high levels of externalizing problems.
At 6 months follow - up there was a slight increase of father - reported
internalizing symptoms and mother - reported externalizing
symptoms in the children with other comorbidity, whereas children with one or more anxiety disorders and no non-anxiety comorbid disorders still showed a decline in
internalizing symptoms.
This indicates that parents of families who received additional therapy, compared to parents of families who did not, reported more decrease in parental overreactivity
at posttest, and more decrease in parental
internalizing symptoms and stress about their competence in parenting
at 1 - year follow - up.
Measures of general depressive, anhedonic depressive, anxious arousal, general
internalizing, and externalizing
symptoms and occurrence of stressors were assessed
at four time points over a 5 - month period.
High CU levels
at age 3 were predictive of higher levels of CU traits (callousness, uncaring, unemotional, total), a higher number of ODD
symptoms, CAS total aggression, relational aggression, CBCL emotionally withdrawn, aggressive behavior,
internalizing, externalizing and total scores, lower scores in functional impairment and high risk of use of services.
When exploring whether additional therapy influenced effects over time, we found that families who received additional therapy reported more decrease in parental
internalizing symptoms and in parental overreactivity
at only one out of three measurement occasions, while no stronger benefits for these families were found on the other outcomes
at any measurement occasion.
For 70 % of children with ASD, additional
internalizing and externalizing
symptoms meet the criteria for
at least one comorbid diagnosis (e.g., Simonoff et al. 2008).
Second, we examined whether the congruence or incongruence of maternal depressive
symptoms between pregnancy and early postnatal period, represented by the change of levels of maternal depressive
symptoms between pregnancy and postnatal period, influences frontal EEG activity and functional connectivity, as well as
internalizing and externalizing behaviors
at 24 months of age.
A community sample of adolescents (n = 127),
at an age of risk for depression and anxiety, completed self - report measures of emotional reactivity and
internalizing symptoms.
Shyness and maternal negative control was assessed
at ages 1.5 — 2, emotion regulation was observed
at age 3.5, and
internalizing symptoms were assessed by mothers and teachers
at age 6 or 7.
Nevertheless, consistent with past research, our study revealed independent contributions of prenatal and early postnatal maternal depressive
symptoms to
internalizing and externalizing behaviors
at 2 - years [24, 40, 41].
The presence of
internalizing (anxiety, depressive and somatic)
symptoms at baseline was associated with an increased risk of peer victimization over time.
Cortisol concentrations across the lab visit interacted with stress exposure across the year such that children with lower average cortisol
at Time 1 and increased stress across the 12 months showed elevated levels of
internalizing symptoms.
Adolescents higher in temperamental withdrawal are
at risk for anxiety and depressive
symptoms; however, not all youth higher in withdrawal exhibit
internalizing symptoms, suggesting that contextual factors may influence these relationships.
Furthermore, both prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive
symptoms independently predicted children's externalizing and
internalizing behaviors
at 24 months of age.
Moreover, both prenatal and early postnatal maternal depressive
symptoms independently predicted children's externalizing and
internalizing behaviors
at 24 months of age.
Recent reviews suggest that children bullied by siblings are
at increased risk of
internalizing symptoms.
Whether
internalizing symptoms increase or remain
at similar levels throughout childhood is currently not well understood.
In this study, we first examined whether pre - and early post-natal maternal depressive
symptoms independently associate with infants» frontal EEG activity
at 6 and 18 months of age, and
internalizing and externalizing behaviors
at 24 months of age using a large longitudinal normative Asian sample.
Greater severity of maternal depressive
symptoms independently predicted higher externalizing and
internalizing scores
at 24 months of age, after adjusting for maternal ethnicity and prenatal smoke exposure (Table 2).