Previous research has found that girls are more likely than boys to admit to
internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety.
The kinds of problems that are most commonly seen in children of divorce include twice as many teenage births, academic and achievement difficulties, acting - out behaviors, and
internalizing symptoms such as increased anxiety and depression.
Not exact matches
Relational victimization, experienced by boys and girls at similar levels, was related to higher levels of relational aggression and
internalizing problems
such as
symptoms of depression and of anxiety, as well as lower levels of received prosocial behavior like peer support and help (called prosocial support).
Such a lack of validity for child report, however, may be less true for measures of
internalizing symptoms (Holmbeck, Li, Schurman, Friedman, & Coakley, 2002; Silverman & Ollendick, 2005).
These problems include attention deficit disorder; externalizing problems
such as aggression, anger, conduct disorder, cruelty to animals, destructiveness, oppositional behavior and noncompliance, and drug and alcohol use;
internalizing problems
such as anxiety, depression, excessive clinging, fears, shyness, low self - esteem, passivity and withdrawal, self - blame, sadness, and suicidal tendencies;
symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder
such as flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety and hypervigilance, sleep disturbances, numbing of affect, and guilt; separation anxiety; social behavior and competence problems
such as poor problem - solving skills, low empathy, deficits in social skills, acceptance, and perpetration of violence in relationships; school problems
such as poor academic performance, poor conduct, and truancy; somatic problems
such as headaches, bedwetting, insomnia, and ulcers; and obsessive - compulsive disorder and other assorted temperamental difficulties.
These two dimensions reflect a distinction between
internalizing disorders,
such as mood or anxiety
symptoms, and externalizing disorders
such as behavioral or substance abuse
symptoms.
The following aspects of the BIQ - SF were subjected to a psychometric evaluation: (a) the hypothesized six - correlated factors structure of the scale was tested by means of a confirmatory factor analysis, (b) various types of reliability were investigated including the internal consistency, test — retest reliability, and cross-informant agreement, and (c) several aspects of the validity were explored
such as the relations with anxiety and
internalizing (i.e., convergent validity) and externalizing (i.e., divergent validity)
symptoms as well as the relations between BIQ - SF scores of parents and teachers and laboratory observations of an inhibited temperament (i.e., predictive validity).
Aggression; conduct problems; social competency problems; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;
internalizing problems
such as fears, phobias and somatization (conversion of anxiety into physical
symptoms); and children experiencing divorce, abandonment or abuse
Anxiety disorders are often more difficult to recognize than disruptive behavior disorders because the former's
symptoms are
internalized — that is, they often exist within the mind of the child rather than in
such outward behavior as verbal outbursts or pushing others to be first in line.
For example poor quality romantic relationships are associated with alcohol and drug use, decreased academic performance, pathological
symptoms such as externalizing and
internalizing symptoms, rejection sensitivity in relationships, poor emotional health, and low job competence (Collins, Welsh, & Furman 2009; Harper, Dickson, & Welsh, 2006; Zimmer - Gembeck, Siebenbruner, & Collins 2001, 2004).
Latin American youth in the United States tend to report more
internalizing symptoms than white non-Latino youth, yet little is known about the factors that may contribute to
such differences.
For example, various parental psychopathology
symptoms such as depressed mood, anxiety, and antisocial traits have been related to children's
internalizing problems
such as withdrawn behavior and externalizing problems
such as aggression (Breaux et al. 2013; Cummings et al. 2005; Papp et al. 2005).
Because multiple studies of behavioral adjustment in chronically ill children suggest that the inclusion of
such items inappropriately inflates rates of
internalizing symptoms in this population (La Greca et al., 1995; Liss et al., 1998; Lloyd, Dyer, & Barnett, 2000), the depression and anxiety subscales were used instead.
Peer - victimization was shown to contribute to
internalizing symptoms,
such as anxiety, depression, and low - self - esteem [8], as well as to externalizing problems,
such as aggression, disruptiveness, and other provocative behavior
symptoms [9, 10, 11].
The nature of risk associated with co-occurrence of
internalizing and externalizing
symptoms may very well operate differently in normative community samples,
such as the case in our study, versus high risk clinical samples.
Furthermore, to date research on the effects of parental psychological problems on emotion socialization focused mainly on parents»
internalizing symptoms,
such as depressed mood and (to a lesser extent) anxiety, while little attention has been given to the potential negative consequences of parents» externalizing
symptoms like outbursts of anger and impulsive behavior.
Psychological difficulties may also take many different forms, and the present research focuses on two broad categories of
such difficulties:
internalizing problems (emotional
symptoms) and externalizing problems (conduct problems).
Consequently, future studies could benefit from taking other
internalizing problems besides depressive
symptoms,
such as social anxiety, into account.
It is concluded that peer victimization in childhood is a precursor of both short - lived and persistent
internalizing symptoms, underlining the importance of environmental factors
such as peer relationships in the etiology of
internalizing problems.
Epidemiological and clinical evidence indicates that SED is associated with multiple dimensions of psychopathology, with more robust effects on externalizing problems,
such as aggressive and delinquent behaviors, and a less robust, but still significant, association with
internalizing symptoms,
such as anxiety and depression [10 — 12, 14].
Such involuntary forms of emotion regulation are related to higher levels of
internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as
symptoms of anxiety and depression in children (Mazefsky et al. 2014).
Cortisol concentrations across the lab visit interacted with stress exposure across the year
such that children with lower average cortisol at Time 1 and increased stress across the 12 months showed elevated levels of
internalizing symptoms.