Sentences with phrase «international economic markets»

Its reliance on mining for resources, for instance, has made Africa and its people vulnerable to low - wage labour abuse as well as a range of other factors beyond their control, as dictated by international economic markets.

Not exact matches

Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in such forward - looking statements and that should be considered in evaluating our outlook include, but are not limited to, the following: 1) our ability to continue to grow our business and execute our growth strategy, including the timing, execution, and profitability of new and maturing programs; 2) our ability to perform our obligations under our new and maturing commercial, business aircraft, and military development programs, and the related recurring production; 3) our ability to accurately estimate and manage performance, cost, and revenue under our contracts, including our ability to achieve certain cost reductions with respect to the B787 program; 4) margin pressures and the potential for additional forward losses on new and maturing programs; 5) our ability to accommodate, and the cost of accommodating, announced increases in the build rates of certain aircraft; 6) the effect on aircraft demand and build rates of changing customer preferences for business aircraft, including the effect of global economic conditions on the business aircraft market and expanding conflicts or political unrest in the Middle East or Asia; 7) customer cancellations or deferrals as a result of global economic uncertainty or otherwise; 8) the effect of economic conditions in the industries and markets in which we operate in the U.S. and globally and any changes therein, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; 9) the success and timely execution of key milestones such as the receipt of necessary regulatory approvals, including our ability to obtain in a timely fashion any required regulatory or other third party approvals for the consummation of our announced acquisition of Asco, and customer adherence to their announced schedules; 10) our ability to successfully negotiate, or re-negotiate, future pricing under our supply agreements with Boeing and our other customers; 11) our ability to enter into profitable supply arrangements with additional customers; 12) the ability of all parties to satisfy their performance requirements under existing supply contracts with our two major customers, Boeing and Airbus, and other customers, and the risk of nonpayment by such customers; 13) any adverse impact on Boeing's and Airbus» production of aircraft resulting from cancellations, deferrals, or reduced orders by their customers or from labor disputes, domestic or international hostilities, or acts of terrorism; 14) any adverse impact on the demand for air travel or our operations from the outbreak of diseases or epidemic or pandemic outbreaks; 15) our ability to avoid or recover from cyber-based or other security attacks, information technology failures, or other disruptions; 16) returns on pension plan assets and the impact of future discount rate changes on pension obligations; 17) our ability to borrow additional funds or refinance debt, including our ability to obtain the debt to finance the purchase price for our announced acquisition of Asco on favorable terms or at all; 18) competition from commercial aerospace original equipment manufacturers and other aerostructures suppliers; 19) the effect of governmental laws, such as U.S. export control laws and U.S. and foreign anti-bribery laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and environmental laws and agency regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad; 20) the effect of changes in tax law, such as the effect of The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the «TCJA») that was enacted on December 22, 2017, and changes to the interpretations of or guidance related thereto, and the Company's ability to accurately calculate and estimate the effect of such changes; 21) any reduction in our credit ratings; 22) our dependence on our suppliers, as well as the cost and availability of raw materials and purchased components; 23) our ability to recruit and retain a critical mass of highly - skilled employees and our relationships with the unions representing many of our employees; 24) spending by the U.S. and other governments on defense; 25) the possibility that our cash flows and our credit facility may not be adequate for our additional capital needs or for payment of interest on, and principal of, our indebtedness; 26) our exposure under our revolving credit facility to higher interest payments should interest rates increase substantially; 27) the effectiveness of any interest rate hedging programs; 28) the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting; 29) the outcome or impact of ongoing or future litigation, claims, and regulatory actions; 30) exposure to potential product liability and warranty claims; 31) our ability to effectively assess, manage and integrate acquisitions that we pursue, including our ability to successfully integrate the Asco business and generate synergies and other cost savings; 32) our ability to consummate our announced acquisition of Asco in a timely matter while avoiding any unexpected costs, charges, expenses, adverse changes to business relationships and other business disruptions for ourselves and Asco as a result of the acquisition; 33) our ability to continue selling certain receivables through our supplier financing program; 34) the risks of doing business internationally, including fluctuations in foreign current exchange rates, impositions of tariffs or embargoes, compliance with foreign laws, and domestic and foreign government policies; and 35) our ability to complete the proposed accelerated stock repurchase plan, among other things.

Investors and international institutions often criticize France for its rigid labor market and how that's a drag on its economic performance.

«Given France's cultural ties and economic ties around the emerging markets and the presence of major international French banks already in London and internationally and large pension funds like Amundi, I think France and Paris have a great chance of becoming even more of an international market than it already is,» he said.

He is Chief Economic Advisor at Allianz and member of its International Executive Committee, Chair of President Obama's Global Development Council and author of the NYT / WSJ bestseller «When Markets Collide.»

The economic implications will be profound with more competitive international labour markets and the need to adopt technologies and policies to encourage people to work longer.

Nora Leary, co-founder and head of marketing and business development at marketing firm Launchway Media, says that — due to her work with an international internship company — she's always looking into the economic impacts of spoken language skills.

These risks include, in no particular order, the following: the trends toward more high - definition, on - demand and anytime, anywhere video will not continue to develop at its current pace or will expire; the possibility that our products will not generate sales that are commensurate with our expectations or that our cost of revenue or operating expenses may exceed our expectations; the mix of products and services sold in various geographies and the effect it has on gross margins; delays or decreases in capital spending in the cable, satellite, telco, broadcast and media industries; customer concentration and consolidation; the impact of general economic conditions on our sales and operations; our ability to develop new and enhanced products in a timely manner and market acceptance of our new or existing products; losses of one or more key customers; risks associated with our international operations; exchange rate fluctuations of the currencies in which we conduct business; risks associated with our CableOS ™ and VOS ™ product solutions; dependence on market acceptance of various types of broadband services, on the adoption of new broadband technologies and on broadband industry trends; inventory management; the lack of timely availability of parts or raw materials necessary to produce our products; the impact of increases in the prices of raw materials and oil; the effect of competition, on both revenue and gross margins; difficulties associated with rapid technological changes in our markets; risks associated with unpredictable sales cycles; our dependence on contract manufacturers and sole or limited source suppliers; and the effect on our business of natural disasters.

Playing into the tension between (growing) state capitalism and (historically dominant) free market is China's ongoing development of its own version of the Marshall Plan — displaying the world's only global economic strategy driven by a trillion - plus dollars of investment into international infrastructure.

The underlying determinants for these declines are related to the global supply and demand for funds, including shifting demographics, slower trend productivity and economic growth, emerging markets seeking large reserves of safe assets, and a more general global savings glut (Council of Economic Advisers 2015, International Monetary Fund 2014, Rachel and Smith 2015, Caballero, Farhi, and Gourinchaeconomic growth, emerging markets seeking large reserves of safe assets, and a more general global savings glut (Council of Economic Advisers 2015, International Monetary Fund 2014, Rachel and Smith 2015, Caballero, Farhi, and GourinchaEconomic Advisers 2015, International Monetary Fund 2014, Rachel and Smith 2015, Caballero, Farhi, and Gourinchas 2016).

Posted by Nick Falvo under Bank of Canada, banks, China, Conservative government, economic crisis, economic growth, employment, exchange rates, financial markets, GDP, global crisis, interest rates, international trade, labour market, macroeconomics, manufacturing, monetary policy, recession, Role of government, unemployment, US.

His assessments of the state of banking regulation, economic policy and its international coordination, are parsed closely by rapt global market players.

This research area covers rules governing trade between Canada and other countries or among Canadian provinces, the impact of trade restrictions or of their removal, and policy issues affecting the ability of Canadians to compete in world markets, including questions of international economic cooperation.

Posted by Armine Yalnizyan under Bank of Canada, Conservative government, economic growth, free markets, free trade, G - 20, inflation, interest rates, international trade, macroeconomics, monetary policy, Role of government, stimulus, unemployment.

Important factors that may affect the Company's business and operations and that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward - looking statements include, but are not limited to, increased competition; the Company's ability to maintain, extend and expand its reputation and brand image; the Company's ability to differentiate its products from other brands; the consolidation of retail customers; the Company's ability to predict, identify and interpret changes in consumer preferences and demand; the Company's ability to drive revenue growth in its key product categories, increase its market share, or add products; an impairment of the carrying value of goodwill or other indefinite - lived intangible assets; volatility in commodity, energy and other input costs; changes in the Company's management team or other key personnel; the Company's inability to realize the anticipated benefits from the Company's cost savings initiatives; changes in relationships with significant customers and suppliers; execution of the Company's international expansion strategy; changes in laws and regulations; legal claims or other regulatory enforcement actions; product recalls or product liability claims; unanticipated business disruptions; failure to successfully integrate the Company; the Company's ability to complete or realize the benefits from potential and completed acquisitions, alliances, divestitures or joint ventures; economic and political conditions in the nations in which the Company operates; the volatility of capital markets; increased pension, labor and people - related expenses; volatility in the market value of all or a portion of the derivatives that the Company uses; exchange rate fluctuations; disruptions in information technology networks and systems; the Company's inability to protect intellectual property rights; impacts of natural events in the locations in which the Company or its customers, suppliers or regulators operate; the Company's indebtedness and ability to pay such indebtedness; the Company's dividend payments on its Series A Preferred Stock; tax law changes or interpretations; pricing actions; and other factors.

International markets entail different risks than those typically associated with domestic markets, including foreign currency fluctuation, political and economic instability, accounting changes and foreign taxation.

Today, it's perched atop global currency markets as Canada wins acclaim for its economic outlook and handling of the public debt, a point driven home Wednesday when a Russian Central Bank official confirmed that the Canadian dollar would be added to its international reserves.

At SLCG, he provided economic consulting to law firms involved in complex securities litigation and technical assistance on market structure, regulatory policy, and risk management issues to domestic and international securities regulators and market participants.

Important factors that may affect the Company's business and operations and that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward - looking statements include, but are not limited to, operating in a highly competitive industry; changes in the retail landscape or the loss of key retail customers; the Company's ability to maintain, extend and expand its reputation and brand image; the impacts of the Company's international operations; the Company's ability to leverage its brand value; the Company's ability to predict, identify and interpret changes in consumer preferences and demand; the Company's ability to drive revenue growth in its key product categories, increase its market share, or add products; an impairment of the carrying value of goodwill or other indefinite - lived intangible assets; volatility in commodity, energy and other input costs; changes in the Company's management team or other key personnel; the Company's ability to realize the anticipated benefits from its cost savings initiatives; changes in relationships with significant customers and suppliers; the execution of the Company's international expansion strategy; tax law changes or interpretations; legal claims or other regulatory enforcement actions; product recalls or product liability claims; unanticipated business disruptions; the Company's ability to complete or realize the benefits from potential and completed acquisitions, alliances, divestitures or joint ventures; economic and political conditions in the United States and in various other nations in which we operate; the volatility of capital markets; increased pension, labor and people - related expenses; volatility in the market value of all or a portion of the derivatives we use; exchange rate fluctuations; risks associated with information technology and systems, including service interruptions, misappropriation of data or breaches of security; the Company's ability to protect intellectual property rights; impacts of natural events in the locations in which we or the Company's customers, suppliers or regulators operate; the Company's indebtedness and ability to pay such indebtedness; the Company's ownership structure; the impact of future sales of its common stock in the public markets; the Company's ability to continue to pay a regular dividend; changes in laws and regulations; restatements of the Company's consolidated financial statements; and other factors.

Important factors that may affect the Company's business and operations and that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward - looking statements include, but are not limited to, increased competition; the Company's ability to maintain, extend and expand its reputation and brand image; the Company's ability to differentiate its products from other brands; the consolidation of retail customers; the Company's ability to predict, identify and interpret changes in consumer preferences and demand; the Company's ability to drive revenue growth in its key product categories, increase its market share or add products; an impairment of the carrying value of goodwill or other indefinite - lived intangible assets; volatility in commodity, energy and other input costs; changes in the Company's management team or other key personnel; the Company's inability to realize the anticipated benefits from the Company's cost savings initiatives; changes in relationships with significant customers and suppliers; execution of the Company's international expansion strategy; changes in laws and regulations; legal claims or other regulatory enforcement actions; product recalls or product liability claims; unanticipated business disruptions; failure to successfully integrate the business and operations of the Company in the expected time frame; the Company's ability to complete or realize the benefits from potential and completed acquisitions, alliances, divestitures or joint ventures; economic and political conditions in the nations in which the Company operates; the volatility of capital markets; increased pension, labor and people - related expenses; volatility in the market value of all or a portion of the derivatives that the Company uses; exchange rate fluctuations; risks associated with information technology and systems, including service interruptions, misappropriation of data or breaches of security; the Company's inability to protect intellectual property rights; impacts of natural events in the locations in which the Company or its customers, suppliers or regulators operate; the Company's indebtedness and ability to pay such indebtedness; tax law changes or interpretations; and other factors.

ACC Accounting & Auditing, AFR Africa, AGE Economics of Ageing, AGR Agricultural Economics, ARA Arab World, BAN Banking, BEC Business Economics, CBA Central Banking, CBE Cognitive & Behavioural Economics, CDM Collective Decision - Making, CFN Corporate Finance, CIS Confederation of Independent States, CMP Computational Economics, CNA China, COM Industrial Competition, CSE Economics of Strategic Management, CTA Contract Theory & Applications, CUL Cultural Economics, CWA Central & Western Asia, DCM Discrete Choice Models, DEM Demographic Economics, DEV Development, DGE Dynamic General Equilibrium, ECM Econometrics, EDU Education, EEC European Economics, EFF Efficiency & Productivity, ENE Energy Economics, ENT Entrepreneurship, ENV Environmental Economics, ETS Econometric Time Series, EUR Microeconomics European Issues, EVO Evolutionary Economics, EXP Experimental Economics, FDG Financial Development & Growth, FIN Finance, FMK Financial Markets, FOR Forecasting, GEO Economic Geography, GRO Economic Growth, GTH Game Theory, HAP Economics of Happiness, HEA Health Economics, HIS Business, Economic & Financial History, HME Heterodox Microeconomics, HPE History & Philosophy of Economics, HRM Human Capital & Human Resource Management, IAS Insurance Economics, ICT Information & Communication Technologies, IFN International Finance, IND Industrial Organization, INO Innovation, INT International Trade, IPR Intellectual Property Rights, IUE Informal & Underground Economics, KNM Knowledge Management & Knowledge Economy, LAB Labour Economics, LAM Central & South America, LAW Law & Economics, LMA Labor Markets - Supply, Demand & Wages, LTV Unemployment, Inequality & Poverty, MAC Macroeconomics, MFD Microfinance, MIC Microeconomics, MIG Economics of Human Migration, MKT Marketing, MON Monetary Economics, MST Market Microstructure, NET Network Economics, NEU Neuroeconomics, OPM Open Macroeconomics, ORE Operations Research, PBE Public Economics, PKE Post Keynesian Economics, POL Positive Political Economics, PPM Project, Program & Portfolio Management, PUB Public Finance, REG Regulation, RES Resource Economics, RMG Risk Management, SBM Small Business Management, SEA South East Asia, SOC Social Norms & Social Capital, SOG Sociology of Economics, SPO Sports & Economics, TID Technology & Industrial Dynamics, TRA Transition Economics, TRE Transport Economics, TUR Tourism Economics, UPT Utility Models & Prospect Theory, URE Urban & Real Estate Economics.

ACC Accounting & Auditing, AFR Africa, AGE Economics of Ageing, AGR Agricultural Economics, ARA Arab World, BAN Banking, BEC Business Economics, CBA Central Banking, CBE Cognitive & Behavioural Economics, CDM Collective Decision - Making, CFN Corporate Finance, CIS Confederation of Independent States, CMP Computational Economics, CNA China, COM Industrial Competition, CSE Economics of Strategic Management, CTA Contract Theory & Applications, CUL Cultural Economics, CWA Central & Western Asia, DCM Discrete Choice Models, DEM Demographic Economics, DEV Development, DGE Dynamic General Equilibrium, ECM Econometrics, EDU Education, EEC European Economics, EFF Efficiency & Productivity, ENE Energy Economics, ENT Entrepreneurship, ENV Environmental Economics, ETS Econometric Time Series, EUR Microeconomic European Issues, EVO Evolutionary Economics, EXP Experimental Economics, FDG Financial Development & Growth, FIN Finance, FMK Financial Markets, FOR Forecasting, GEO Economic Geography, GRO Economic Growth, GTH Game Theory, HAP Economics of Happiness, HEA Health Economics, HIS Business, Economic & Financial History, HME Heterodox Microeconomics, HPE History & Philosophy of Economics, HRM Human Capital & Human Resource Management, IAS Insurance Economics, ICT Information & Communication Technologies, IFN International Finance, IND Industrial Organization, INO Innovation, INT International Trade, IPR Intellectual Property Rights, IUE Informal & Underground Economics, KNM Knowledge Management & Knowledge Economy, LAB Labour Economics, LAM Central & South America, LAW Law & Economics, LMA Labor Markets - Supply, Demand & Wages, LTV Unemployment, Inequality & Poverty, MAC Macroeconomics, MFD Microfinance, MIC Microeconomics, MIG Economics of Human Migration, MKT Marketing, MON Monetary Economics, MST Market Microstructure, NET Network Economics, NEU Neuroeconomics, OPM Open Macroeconomics, PBE Public Economics, PKE Post Keynesian Economics, POL Positive Political Economics, PPM Project, Program & Portfolio Management, PUB Public Finance, REG Regulation, RES Resource Economics, RMG Risk Management, SBM Small Business Management, SEA South East Asia, SOC Social Norms & Social Capital, SOG Sociology of Economics, SPO Sports & Economics, TID Technology & Industrial Dynamics, TRA Transition Economics, TRE Transport Economics, TUR Tourism Economics, UPT Utility Models & Prospect Theory, URE Urban & Real Estate Economics.

In their April 2018 paper entitled «Market Risk Premium and Risk - free Rate Used for 59 Countries in 2018: A Survey», Pablo Fernandez, Vitaly Pershin and Isabel Acin summarize results of a March 2018 email survey of international finance / economic professors, analysts and company managers «about the Risk Free Rate and the Market Risk Premium (MRP) used to calculate the required return to equity in different countries.»

As with any investment, international investing carries risks, including some unique to international markets, such as currency risk or changes to economic, political, or regulatory conditions.

But international economic stimulus measures helped raise market confidence, and many of the companies we now own within these sectors benefited.

International stimulus packages with regards to the world economic growth is to limit the impact of a dwindling market in Western economies on poorer countries.

This week's $ 14 billion merger between Johnson Controls Inc (NYSE: JCI) and Tyco International demonstrates that there are certainly still large M&A deals happening in the face of the global economic uncertainty that has produced a shaky opening month for markets in 2016.

As noted in the chapter on «International Financial Markets», the Federal Reserve raised interest rates in June and August, reflecting the improvement in international economic and financial conditions, as well as the persistent strength of domesInternational Financial Markets», the Federal Reserve raised interest rates in June and August, reflecting the improvement in international economic and financial conditions, as well as the persistent strength of domesinternational economic and financial conditions, as well as the persistent strength of domestic activity.

Equities should continue to benefit from underlying fundamentals like global economic and earnings growth, and we expect new highs in U.S. and international equity markets this year.

While this economic environment may not be ideal for everyone, it has created the perfect opportunity for Canadian companies to either start exporting for the first time, or to increase their international sales and become more competitive in the American market.

He has written on political, economic and cultural issues for the Liberty magazine, the Mises Institute (USA), Mises Institute (Canada), Casey Research, International Man, Mining Journal, Zero Hedge, Lew Rockwell, the Dollar Vigilante, Fraser Institute, Le Québécois Libre, Mauldin Economics, Northern Miner, Mining Markets etc..

The general U.S. market may tank due to a variety of factors, such as a combination of international and domestic events, from reports of high speculation in real estate markets to poor economic growth and growing debt.

Examples of these risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to the impact of: adverse general economic and related factors, such as fluctuating or increasing levels of unemployment, underemployment and the volatility of fuel prices, declines in the securities and real estate markets, and perceptions of these conditions that decrease the level of disposable income of consumers or consumer confidence; adverse events impacting the security of travel, such as terrorist acts, armed conflict and threats thereof, acts of piracy, and other international events; the risks and increased costs associated with operating internationally; our expansion into and investments in new markets; breaches in data security or other disturbances to our information technology and other networks; the spread of epidemics and viral outbreaks; adverse incidents involving cruise ships; changes in fuel prices and / or other cruise operating costs; any impairment of our tradenames or goodwill; our hedging strategies; our inability to obtain adequate insurance coverage; our substantial indebtedness, including the ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, and to generate the necessary amount of cash to service our existing debt; restrictions in the agreements governing our indebtedness that limit our flexibility in operating our business; the significant portion of our assets pledged as collateral under our existing debt agreements and the ability of our creditors to accelerate the repayment of our indebtedness; volatility and disruptions in the global credit and financial markets, which may adversely affect our ability to borrow and could increase our counterparty credit risks, including those under our credit facilities, derivatives, contingent obligations, insurance contracts and new ship progress payment guarantees; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; overcapacity in key markets or globally; our inability to recruit or retain qualified personnel or the loss of key personnel; future changes relating to how external distribution channels sell and market our cruises; our reliance on third parties to provide hotel management services to certain ships and certain other services; delays in our shipbuilding program and ship repairs, maintenance and refurbishments; future increases in the price of, or major changes or reduction in, commercial airline services; seasonal variations in passenger fare rates and occupancy levels at different times of the year; our ability to keep pace with developments in technology; amendments to our collective bargaining agreements for crew members and other employee relation issues; the continued availability of attractive port destinations; pending or threatened litigation, investigations and enforcement actions; changes involving the tax and environmental regulatory regimes in which we operate; and other factors set forth under «Risk Factors» in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10 - K and subsequent filings by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

This government, under the «international stock market constraint», changes radically its economic course.

This commitment to privatization leads not only to action within individual countries to submit more of the economic activity to market discipline but also to imposing this demand through SAPs and international agreements.

The mass media both nationally and internationally are rapidly becoming not just an aspect of social cultures, but through their increasing ubiquity across cultures, their functional interrelationship, and their place within the international market and economic system, are becoming the vanguard of a new international culture whose web is touching and influencing almost every other cultural system.

Initially started by the United States and Britain during World War II to assist postwar international financial and economic co-operation, these have been joined by others such as the World Trade Organization, and act as brokers for the free market.

In a globalized debt market, the International Monetary Fund is able to leverage market forces to shape economic policies in many sovereign nations.

While today's economic conditions are similar to those that gave rise to Yoshida Foods International, Yoshida says his sales are increasing, especially in the club retail market.

IDFA provides a wealth of comprehensive information about the dairy industry that is not available anywhere else, such as background on dairy policy issues, food safety guidance and compliance, economic analyses and market updates, international trade and standards, crisis management, training programs and manuals, directories of members and more.

Despite the continued adverse economic climate and the significant excise tax increase in Russia, one of its key markets, Efes Breweries International, which operates in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Eastern Europe and the Balkans, has reported higher volumes, revenues and EBITDA in the first half to June 30th 2010, marked by a major -LSB-...]

New Zealand's global dairy dominance will continue through greater economic engagement with Asia - Pacific states, rather than with competing markets in Europe and America, according to a new article issued by the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI).

Vegetable production intensification will see increased plant pest and disease pressure and significant on - farm losses for the majority of subsistence and small - holder cooperative farmers if the goal to meet WTO / SPS requirements for exports to the ASEAN economic community and international markets is to be met.

We provide domestic and international price reporting, economic analyses, census data, and other information on organic production and marketing.

To insulate the city against negative pressures from international markets and the widely foreseen economic slowdown, the mayor added more funds to existing city reserves.

Among the interesting topics covered in Pathways are: the changing role of the patient in the total health equation and the ways in which decentralized information is affecting their expectations and demands; the dearth of pipeline products among international pharmaceutical companies against a backdrop of increased research and development spending; the dynamics of emerging markets and their rising demand for therapies in chronic disease; the value of drugs and biotechnology solutions within the context of global economic realities.

International evidence suggests that adoption of market - based education policies that rely on school choice and competition between schools over enrollment often leads to segregation of children into different schools according to their socio - economic background, race or parents» awareness of educational opportunities.

Geography: International trade, including access to markets, inequality and «fair trade»; the nature of economic, political, social and environmental interdependence in the contemporary world; inequities of global systems and how they can result in unemployment, poverty and declining welfare standards for some people and localities, and advantages for other people and localities; food production, circulation and consumption.

Variations in skills measured by the international achievement tests are in turn strongly related to individual labor - market outcomes and, perhaps more importantly, to cross-country variations in economic growth.

In two new studies (here and here), we estimate the effects of private school market share on Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) scores, political rights indices, and economic freedom indices within over 60 countries over time.