Sentences with phrase «into cells they infect»

When researchers sequenced the chimpanzee genome in 2005, the biggest difference between it and the human genome was the extinct PtERV1 retrovirus, which inserted its DNA into the cells it infected like HIV does today.

Not exact matches

And when the team injected antibody - treated cells into mouse brains, the animals showed no symptoms at all, whereas animals injected with prion - infected, but untreated, cells died after about 160 days.

The mystery was how different bacteria or viruses release their DNA into the infected cell to activate AIM2.

These don't normally integrate into the genome of cells that they infect and therefore present little risk of cancer.

The virus does this because, unlike most microbes, Zika can pass from blood into the brain, where it infects and kills stem cells, having severe effects on developing brains.

Robyn Biti, Graeme Stewart of Westmead Hospital in Sydney, Australia, and colleagues report that they have found an HIV - infected homosexual man whose white blood cells contain a defective copy of a critical surface protein, called CCR5, that the virus uses to gain entry into the cells.

Infected cells also secrete NS1 packets into the patient's blood stream, where higher levels have been associated with more severe illness.

A host can often be infected with more than one type of virus and, as viruses replicate in the host's cells, the genetic segments of the progeny viruses can be shuffled into new combinations.

The researchers found that HIV spiked into semen was more successful than the virus alone at infecting T cells and macrophages (immune system cells that are believed to be the infection's initial targets in the body).

The study showed the protein also rearranges itself into rings in order to bind RNA and control the internal components of the virus copied inside infected cells.

«We think this transition is used to squirt the DNA from the virus into the cell that the virus is infecting,» Lawrence said.

Then it infects various cells of the immune system, which it tricks into making more copies of itself.

The influenza virus turns infected lung cells into factories that churn out thousands of copies of the virus to spread the infection.

His trick was to insert the gene coding for CREB into a version of the herpesvirus that can infect neurons without spreading to nearby cells.

«Animal viruses typically have all genome segments packaged together into a single viral particle, so only one of those particles is needed to infect a host cell,» Ladner explained.

They are recruited to sites of injury or infection and there turn into macrophages (literally «large eaters») that ingest pathogens, infected cells, or cellular debris.

Once the virus infected neurons with the heat - sensing gene, the researchers injected magnetic nanoparticles into the same brain cells.

Once a retrovirus has infected an organism, it commandeers that organism's genetic machinery, turning a once - healthy cell into a retroviral powerhouse that spreads the infection to more cells in an irreversible cascade.

Greber and his team infected human cells in culture with the chemically labeled viruses, and observed the behavior of the viral DNA during entry into cells.

«These infected cells go into a resting state and stop producing HIV, but these latent cells can wake up and start making infectious HIV.

Viruses that manage to infect cells are greeted by proteins that attempt to shred them into genetic confetti.

When HIV infects a cell, it inserts its genetic instructions into the cell's DNA.

Investigators from the National Institutes of Health have discovered that cells from HIV - infected people whose virus is suppressed with treatment harbor defective HIV DNA that can nevertheless be transcribed into a template for producing HIV - related proteins.

Rather, parasites move directly from the blood into endothelial cells, where they replicate, cause the cell to burst and then infect neighboring brain cells.

The researchers also wanted to revisit the Trojan horse hypothesis, to see if, as had been proposed, infected monocytes, a type of immune cell, might be responsible for carrying the parasite into the brain.

To test this, the team infected monocytes with a form of Toxo, labeled red, that can't reproduce, then introduced those cells into mice.

It makes copies of the virus» genetic material — the viral RNA — to package into new viruses that can infect other cells; and it reads out the instructions in that genetic material to make viral messenger RNA, which directs the infected cell to produce the proteins the virus needs.

The studies were inspired, Stivers says, by the fact that when an HIV virus infects a new CD4 + T cell, it injects its genetic information into the cell as two strands of RNA, the molecular cousin of DNA.

If this were disabled, then the parasite would produce just one PfEMP1 protein, allowing the immune system to swing into action and destroy infected cells.

So Emerman and colleagues resurrected the analogous protein from PtERV1, based on its remnants in chimpanzees, and inserted it into a defective version of the mouse virus, which could infect cells but not reproduce.

«In people chronically infected with hepatitis B or C, human papillomaviruses or other viruses known to cause cancer, radioimmunotherapy could potentially eliminate virus - infected cells before they're able to transform into cancer cells.»

Both FIV and HIV rely on a protein called integrase that inserts the virus» DNA into an infected cell's DNA.

HIV, which infects about 35 million people worldwide, infiltrates cells, slips its genome into chromosomes and turns the cells into HIV factories.

The researchers noticed that in highly infected mice, NK cells produced IL - 10 about 3.5 days into the infection — days later than when they'd produce IFN - gamma, a protein that helps to mount, rather than defuse, the immune system response.

The researchers theorized this had limited HIV's ability to integrate into their chromosomes, leaving them with relatively small «reservoirs» of infected cells.

Bringing the killer T cell in close proximity to the infected cell effectively stuffs the prey into the lion's mouth.

«Increasingly, researchers have been looking into the use of certain drugs that appear to re-activate the latent HIV - infected cells.

CD74 is broken into products that fit into the groove of cell surface immune response proteins as part of the chain of events that activates T cells — immune cells that normally attack infected (or damaged) cells in the body.

Dr. Montelaro and his colleagues found that a particular sequence of amino acids on the tail end of HIV allow the virus to «punch into» and infect cells.

When the compound is introduced into infected cells, viral budding (release) is suppressed thereby confining it within the host cells.

Dengue virus and Zika virus are both positive - strand RNA flaviviruses, which means that once a virus particle infects a cell, its RNA genome can be immediately translated by cellular machinery into viral proteins to make new virus particles and spread the infection.

The T cell gene codes for a protein that HIV uses to get into and infect a cell.

But when retroviruses like HIV infect a cell, they often let the cell live and splice their genes into its DNA.

From the liver it goes back into the bloodstream, infecting and multiplying inside red blood cells.

By disrupting the function of TPC2 with drugs, the virus is locked into the endosome, unable to be released to infect the cell.

Both kill upwards of a third of people infected and, like many viruses, emerged from animals — bats and camels in the case of MERS — after mutating into a form capable of infecting human cells.

When an infected mosquito bites, parasites in the mosquito's saliva first make their way to the victim's liver, where they silently grow and multiply into thousands of new parasites before invading red blood cells — the stage of the disease that triggers malaria's characteristic fevers, headaches, chills and sweats.

Most viruses infect us by injecting their genetic material into our cells.

After PD - 1 is blocked, these cells divide and differentiate into effector - like cells that migrate to infected tissues.

CSCs were prepared from 231BrM and CN34BrM cells that were infected with lentivirus carrying with or without miR -7-2, and they were transplanted into nude mice through intracardiac injection followed by monitoring metastatic tumor growth in the brain.