The construction - based company diversified during the 1950s, moving
into coal production and, later, oil and gas, and railroad equipment manufacturing and servicing.
Not exact matches
But stalled indigenous energy
production, especially
coal (Figure 3), means that China is dipping deeper
into the global energy market and that should support prices and offset the deceleration in consumption.
According to GBI, China's increase in
coal production will come with additional government consolidation of the mining industry
into large
production bases that can achieve greater efficiencies and
production capacities of 90 percent by mid-decade.
In other words,
coal mining companies own the
coal they extract but not the methane that mingles with it and is released
into the atmosphere during
production.
Some of it is returned to watersheds in altered forms - like water heated during
coal - fired electrical
production and stored in cooling towers or ponds before being released - at higher temperatures - back
into rivers.
«There's roughly seven million people who die globally from air pollution every year, so getting rid of
coal could take a big chunk out of that number as well,» Pearce says, adding that another goal of future research is to dig deeper
into the life cycles of
coal production as this study only looked at air pollution - related deaths.
It's also critical to a future less dependent on foreign oil: Hydraulic fracturing, «clean
coal» technologies, nuclear fuel
production, and carbon storage (the keystone of the strategy to address climate change) all count on pushing waste
into rock formations below the earth's surface.
This effect will then be incorporated
into other variables associated with hemisphere — i.e. GDP,
coal production etc — resulting in a biased estimate of these effects, the so called «omitted variable bias».
For the past four years almost nothing meaningful has been done to stop the rampant
production and release
into the atmosphere of ever greater amounts of carbon dioxide, and there have even been more frantic calls for more
production of oil and expanded use of
coal as a fuel.
During much of the second half of the 19th century, the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) was able to maintain a monopoly on
coal production because it controlled the only means of transportation
into the Western territories.
There is also the rather obvious fact that a nation that has 3 % of the global oil supply but which consumes 25 % of global oil
production is eventually going to run
into an economic wall — and
coal - to - gasoline is not the answer to that, by any stretch.
The key factors determining carbon emissions for corn - based ethanol are (1) whether
coal or natural gas is used to power the ethanol plant, (2) whether distillers grains are dried or sold wet, and (3) whether expansion of corn acreage comes mainly from reduced acreage of lower - value crops or if idled land is brought
into production.
This is a practical impossibility due to increased amounts of greenhouse gases being emitted
into the atmosphere from the growing global
production and burning of
coal, tar / oil sands, heavy oil and bitumen.
To me it seems that the
coal industry, recognising that the game will soon be up, has conned our rather stupid state government
into helping them ramp up
production rapidly to make a windfall profit before they go out of business — akin to drug dealers getting governments to help them ramp up sales before banning the product.
A simple top - down analysis, based on global scale changes in carbon dioxide and methane, provides some insight
into the potential impact of U.S. shale gas
production and displacement of
coal on global climate.
Perhaps the worst aspect of these technical «solutions» is that they give a de-facto green light to continue to put more CO2
into the atmosphere, Since oil
production is expected to peak within decades if not sooner, nations will turn more and more to
coal, which as Figen pointed out in an earlier post is a very dirty fuel.
The fossil fuel inputs
into ethanol
production are also largely non-liquid (natural gas and
coal).
The scale of the increase, which only includes major mines, reflects Beijing's aim to put 860 million tonnes of new
coal production capacity
into operation over the five years to 2015, more than the entire annual output of India.
The market place for
coal is divided
into thermal
coal (for electricity
production) and metallurgical
coal (or coking
coal, used for smelting).
I approach the problem of estimating future world
coal production by breaking the world up
into eight regions, and estimating considering
production in each separately.
Mr. Clapp also suggested that the report called
into question Mr. Bush's proposed energy plan, which seeks to step up
production of
coal, oil and gas - fired power plants.
Deploying additional capital expenditure
into high cost
production is risky, especially for new mines, which typically require expensive new rail infrastructure and port facilities to get
coal to market.
A trio of Italian and British entrepreneurs are advancing a $ 114 million plan to turn the waste from Brazilian sugar cane
production into pellets that can be burned in
coal - fired and thermal plants.
It's also critical to a future less dependent on foreign oil: Hydraulic fracturing, «clean
coal» technologies, nuclear fuel
production and carbon storage (the keystone of the strategy to address climate change) all count on pushing waste
into rock formations below the earth's surface.
Indeed, a case could be made that politicians have been pushed
into a situation such that they have no choice but to approve continued
coal - burning, hydro - fracking for increased gas and oil
production, and pursuit of oil and gas in extreme and pristine environments.
In addition to being used to simply produce cyclic carbonates, North believes it could also be retrofitted on
coal - fired plants: «If our catalyst could be employed at the source of high - concentration CO2
production, for example in the exhaust stream of a fossil - fuel power station, we could take out the carbon dioxide, turn it
into a commercially - valuable product and at the same time eliminate the need to store waste CO2.»
Yet, for the same energy
production,
coal burning releases more carbon
into the air than burning oil and natural gas releases even less.
«What that bill did was essentially write nuclear and
coal into U.S. energy
production for the next 10 to 20 years, instead of phasing them out,» says Erich Pica, president of Friends of the Earth.
All these trends are likely to shrink fossil fuel demand and the capital invested today
into future oil,
coal and gas
production projects is at risk of becoming stranded.
But the protracted battle over the details of the plan revealed it will be a bumpy ride to turn climate ambition
into practice, as the country will ultimately need to kick its habit of burning
coal for power
production — and say good - bye to petrol - and diesel - fuelled cars.