Sentences with phrase «into effector»

Naïve T cells then expand and differentiate into effector T lymphocytes that acquire either cytotoxic activity or secrete high amounts of certain cytokines.

The phenotype of NP cells generated ex vivo (Figure S8) closely resembles that of central memory CD4 + T cells found in vivo, which persist for years in secondary lymphoid organs and can differentiate into effector memory CD4 + T cells [45].

After PD - 1 is blocked, these cells divide and differentiate into effector - like cells that migrate to infected tissues.

Not exact matches

The empirical data tell us that neurons are the functional units that carry sensory information from the body into the brain and carry effector information from the brain to the body.

In reaction to infection or inflammation, immune system cells known as effector T cells (Teffs) undergo rapid changes - arming themselves and diversifying into groups that target specific diseased cells.

The orbital remodeling in TED is likely induced by infiltrating T lymphocytes and mast cells, which activate orbital fibroblast effector cells to either proliferate and form scar - producing cells called myofibroblasts or turn into pro-inflammatory fat cells.

They systematically deleted genes for secreted effector proteins — molecules that the parasite injects into a host cell to modulate the immune system during infection — and injected the altered parasites into mice with aggressive ovarian cancer.

Further insight into the basic details of CRISPR - Cas structure, functions, and biology — and characterization of new Cas effector proteins in particular — is crucial for optimizing and further expanding the diverse applications of CRISPR - Cas systems.

However, all in all, a lot of basic research still needs to be carried out to fully understand the disease process: XopH is only one of a total of more than 35 effector proteins that bacteria inject into plants to colonise them.

In their earlier work, the Halle lab already proved that the bacteria introduce numerous harmful proteins, so - called effectors, into plant cells via a specialised secretion system which works like a molecular syringe.

We can simultaneously introduce many effectors, say micro-RNAs and nuclear factors, into the same cell by simply co-depositing these molecules onto the nanowires, and we can do this in a massively parallel arrayed fashion.

The HZI will develop a vaccination protocol for mucosal administration based on three novel strategies: (i) development and optimization of a vaccination protocol in which parenterally - primed T and B cells are subsequently pulled into the mucosa by the local delivery of the cognate antigen to the requested effector site, (ii) testing the co-administration of antigens with novel mucosal adjuvants using different mucosal immunisation routes and schedules, and (iii) testing various nanoparticles co-administered with different immunomodulators for their ability to generate both systemic and mucosal immune responses following transcutaneous / trans - follicular vaccination.

We suggest three novel strategies: (i) Develop and optimise a prime - pull protocol in which parenterally - primed T and B cells are subsequently pulled into the mucosa by the local delivery of the cognate antigen to the requested effector site.

They include reduced lymphocyte repertoire, increasing clonality and increasing autoreactivity.5, 7,8 Recent work has focused on intrinsic cell defects, which alter T cell activation threshold, induction of cellular senescence and differentiation into short - lived effector or long - lived memory cells.

Spleen cells (3 × 107) from either experimental or control effector lymphocytes were dispensed into 75 - cm2 tissue culture flasks along with 20 ml of boosting medium and 6 × 105 γ - irradiated (3,000 rad) BALB / c spleen cells (erythrocytes lysed).

We have also have adopted a number of lines of study into the regulation of cytokine production and effector cell responses such, as cytotoxicity, in the response of Vα14 iNKT cells to glycolipid antigens or IL - 12 from activated DCs.

Moreover, recent studies show that T. gondii can deliver effector proteins into cells that it does not invade [33], [34], and that these proteins can manipulate host cells without active parasite replication [35].

Most well - characterized effector molecules in other insects are secreted into the hemolymph: in our study, 91.2 % of previously identified AMPs have bioinformatic evidence indicating presence of a signal peptide.

Because of their ability to differentiate into various effector T subsets, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs, CD4 + T cells are particularly important in the initiation of GVHD in mice and have been considered potential targets for the treatment and prevention of GVHD in the clinic.

Over the past decade, we have used computational and molecular approaches to annotate mi / si / piRNAs, and to elucidate mechanisms of how they are made and how they are sorted into appropriate Argonaute effector complexes.

Because the same pool of naïve T cells can differentiate into inflammatory effector T cells or inhibitory Tregs, generation of immune responses requires promoting the differentiation of inflammatory T cells while reciprocally inhibiting the formation of Tregs.

A patent application has been filed and testing is underway on the protein — called HT - TALENs (short for HIV - targeted transcription activator - like effector nucleases)-- which uses a newly developed gene - editing technique to rid the body's cells of the immunodeficiency virus before it has a chance to multiply and possibly develop into AIDS.