These cells could be expanded for at least 20 passages (2 ∧ 20 or at least a million-fold expansion) and differentiated
into endothelial cells without any significant change in their morphology (Figure S4).
Direct conversion or reprogramming of human postnatal cells
into endothelial cells (ECs), bypassing stem or progenitor cell status, is crucial for regenerative medicine, cell therapy, and pathophysiological investigation but has remained largely unexplored.
The team identified the connections between rs9349379 and EDN1 by deleting a region of DNA at the SNP in human pluripotent stem cells and then converting these immature cells
into endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.
They then transformed these iPSCs
into endothelial cells, which line heart valves and blood vessels.
The transplanted stem cells had differentiated
into endothelial cells — which form the inner lining of a blood vessel, providing a barrier between blood and spinal cord tissue — and attached to capillaries in the spinal cord.
The study examined nanoparticle entry
into endothelial cells and macrophages for the in vitro study, and the same type of cells from the lung, heart and bone marrow for the in vivo component.
«It appears that injury itself can induce fibroblasts to change
into endothelial cells so the heart heals better.
That is, instead of just 30 percent of fibroblasts naturally switching
into endothelial cells, 60 percent made the switch.
Researchers from the UNC School of Medicine have discovered that cells called fibroblasts, which normally give rise to scar tissue after a heart attack, can be turned
into endothelial cells, which generate blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients to the injured regions of the heart, thus greatly reducing the damage done following heart attack.
The researchers then differentiated the iPS cells
into endothelial cells, which line the interior of the heart and blood vessels, before transplantation.
Rather, parasites move directly from the blood
into endothelial cells, where they replicate, cause the cell to burst and then infect neighboring brain cells.
«Yet after AA147 treatment, around 70 percent of the culture turned
into endothelial cells that were able to form blood vessels.
AA147 directed the stem cells to develop primarily
into endothelial cells, which are essential for blood vessel formation.
Trans fats might affect systemic inflammation through incorporating
into endothelial cell membranes (36), activating cell - specific pathways (37), and affecting macrophage membrane phospholipids (38).
Not exact matches
The Weill Cornell researchers» process was more direct: Four transcription factors prompted adult mouse
endothelial cells, which line the inside of blood vessels, to turn
into HSCs.
Using their nuclei to exert force, they insert themselves between — as well as
into — the
cells (called
endothelial cells) in the vessel walls.
And they incorporated
into the gel a protein known as vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which encourages the growth of blood vessels
into the transplanted
cells.
Luster's team hopes to further investigate the characteristics of joints that underlie the critical role of C5a in initiating type III hypersensitivity and whether specific molecules expressed on
endothelial cells lining joints play a role in transporting C5a and chemokines from the joint space
into adjacent blood vessels.
In a collaborative effort between the Gladstone laboratories of Benoit Bruneau, PhD, Katherine Pollard, PhD, and Dr. Srivastava, the scientists used stem
cell technology to make large amounts of
endothelial cells from patients with CAVD, comparing them to healthy
cells and mapping their genetic and epigenetic changes as they developed
into valve
cells.
A team from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Long Island, N.Y., reports that it staved off full - blown metastasis in mice by preventing mini-tumors in the lungs from recruiting stem
cells called
endothelial progenitors, which assemble
into blood vessels to nourish the malignancy.
To explain their findings, the authors suggest that resveratrol's vasodilating effects via
endothelial cells might enhance infiltration of inflammatory
cells into the central nervous system, which in turn might play a key role in the pathogenesis of MS.
The epithelium's maturation
into a villus intestinal epithelium with long finger - like extensions was helped along by co-culturing human intestinal microvascular
endothelial cells on the opposite side of the shared matrix - coated porous membrane in the «vascular» channel where they assembled a surrogate blood vessel with a hollow lumen through which feeding medium was flowed.
To verify that the process worked, the
endothelial cells with the inversion - corrected genes were transplanted
into F8 deficient mice (mice with hemophilia A) and the mice started producing the F8 clotting factor on their own, which essentially cured them of hemophilia A.
A specific lung - targeting molecule is attached to the carrier's surface and the steriod, dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory, is loaded
into the nanogel, which then binds to lung
endothelial cells lining the inside wall of the blood vessels where it rapidly delivers the drug.
He then injected human
endothelial cells into the collagen structures of blood vessels to recolonise the surfaces of blood vessels.
Key elements of the immune system, they also have the ability to turn
into several
cell types after having passed the
endothelial barrier, in order to fulfil different functions depending on the tissue.
During the creation of new blood vessels, the vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein differentiates stem
cells into vascular
endothelial cells and stimulates them to create new blood vessels.
In addition, when these transcription factors lose their function, terminal differentiation
into the vascular endothelium (completion of differentiation) is completely suppressed, and genes that are key to differentiation
into vascular
endothelial cells as well as transcription factors that maintain the undifferentiated state are adversely induced.
The
endothelial cells have a receptor for transferrin that acts like a gatekeeper: When transferrin binds to a receptor on the blood side of the barrier, the
endothelial cell transports it (and its iron cargo) to the other side and spits it out
into the brain.
Genentech scientists led by Mark Dennis designed an antibody with two arms — one that binds to BACE1 and inhibits its activity and one that binds to the transferrin receptor and tricks
endothelial cells into transporting the antibody across the blood - brain barrier.
At that key point, Takebe added two more types of
cell known to help to recreate organ - like function in animals:
endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, taken from an umbilical cord; and mesenchymal
cells, which can differentiate
into bone, cartilage or fat, taken from bone marrow.
Each of the
endothelial cell lines demonstrated an ability to orient
into capillary - like structures when placed onto a Matrigel surface (Fig. 5A) ⇓.
Endothelial progenitor
cells (EPCs) differentiate
into the
cells that make up the lining of blood vessels, and so play roles in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.
We will combine methods from the fields of immunology, developmental biology and angiogenesis to understand in vivo the development and lineage - specific function (s) of resident macrophages, thereby opening new venues of research
into the interaction between macrophages and
endothelial cells in response to tissue damage.
Initial imaging analysis of fluorescently labelled human iPSC - derived hepatic endoderm
cells, umbilical cord - derived
endothelial cells (HUVECs), and mesenchymal stem
cells (MSCs) co-cultured in a solidified matrix gel to promote 3D growth found that the different
cells collectively and automatically «condensed»
into a multicellular central unit.
Additionally, ERCs were reported to be able to differentiate
into, or become,
cells from the three different germ layers (see the previous post on MSCs for more details): mesoderm (muscle, bone, fat, cartilage, and
endothelial cells), ectoderm (neurons), and endoderm (liver, pancreas, and lung
cells)(Meng et al., 2007; Patel et al., 2008).
Release of intracellular calcium stores facilitates coxsackievirus entry
into polarized
endothelial cells.
HIF - 2α expression regulates sprout formation
into 3D fibrin matrices in prolonged hypoxia in human microvascular
endothelial cells.
ieCPCs can also develop
into each of the three different types of heart
cells: cardiomyocytes,
endothelial cells, and smooth muscle
cells.
Identifying the factor released by
endothelial cells could lead, said Stainier, to a mechanism for prompting naive, or undifferentiated,
cells to develop
into red blood
cells, which could then be used to boost the blood supply.
Studies on interactions among tumor
cells, fibroblasts and
endothelial cells are also done in 3 - D models, in which
cells are embedded
into collagen to mimic the tumor microenvironment.
As specific examples, our studies seek to define the molecular basis for platelet and
endothelial cell responses and then extend these
into patients to determine whether newly identified mechanisms can be targets for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
In those studies, sorted progenitor
cells, some of which could become
endothelial cells, were introduced
into the heart.
Morphologically similar
endothelial cells have been observed when they were differentiated
into mature
endothelial (CD133 --RRB- by culturing them in high density culture from low density culture at different passages.
The
endothelial cells became vessels, recruited fibroblasts and caused them to differentiate
into smooth muscle
cells.
Movement across the CD169 + macrophage layer
into the sinus is promoted by S1pr1 and lymphatic
endothelial cell - derived S1P.
In addition, a functional BBB is manifested by a number of permanently active transport mechanisms, specifically expressed by brain capillary
endothelial cells that ensure the transport of nutrients
into the CNS and exclusion of blood - borne molecules that could be detrimental to the milieu required for neural transmission.