Not exact matches
When light enters the retina,
photoreceptor cells translate it
into electrical signals.
The artificial retina then converts the signal
into electrical impulses, which bypass damaged
photoreceptors and stimulate the retina's remaining
cells.
Surgeons will inject the
cells into the retina in the space usually occupied by RPEs, directly adjacent to the
photoreceptor cells.
«The goal is to halt the rate of
photoreceptor loss,» says Robert Lanza, chief scientist at Advanced
Cell Technology (ACT) of Worcester, Massachusetts, the company that has been developing the treatment since first turning hESCs
into RPEs in 2004.
Some scientists are trying to inject signaling molecules
into the eye to stimulate light - collecting
photoreceptor cells to regrow.
The
photoreceptors in the retina, at the back of the eyes, are the primary light sensitive
cells that allow us to see: they convert light
into electrical signals.
At the top of the image are the retina's
photoreceptor cells (in gray)-- the familiar rods and cones — that capture photons of light and translates them
into electrical currents.
By studying what pushes those 6 percent
into their fate as
photoreceptor cells, researchers might figure out how to generate a larger number of transplantable
cells.
Their findings suggest that even the earliest animals had the makings of both vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems, and that some of the
photoreceptor cells in the invertebrate brain were transformed through a series of steps
into vertebrate eyes.
Detlev Arendt and Joachim Wittbrodt, developmental biologists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, jumped
into the fray after Arendt noticed some vertebrate - like
photoreceptor cells in the brains of ragworms, a marine species that hasn't changed much for 500 million years.
The therapy employs a virus to insert a gene for a common ion channel
into normally blind
cells of the retina that survive after the light - responsive rod and cone
photoreceptor cells die as a result of diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa.
Some of the
cells in this layer (the
photoreceptors) convert light
into an electrical signal that is then amplified and processed by other
cells before being sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
There are even efforts underway to transplant cultured
photoreceptor cells into the retina to replace those lost from advanced disease.
New information about how light energy is changed
into neural signals shows how an individual
photoreceptor cell of the eye registers the absorption of a single photon, or quantum of light
However, both Goldberg and Albini agreed there is no evidence that this kind of therapy could have treated the patients» sight problems even if carried out correctly and only sparse evidence that adipose
cells can differentiate
into retinal pigment epithelium or
photoreceptor cells, which play a critical role in macular degeneration.
Lamba and colleagues recently demonstrated that human embryonic stem
cells could be directed to differentiate
into photoreceptors and respond to a light stimulus as measured by ERG in crx − / − mice (a model for Leber's congenital amaurosis)[5].
Human - induced pluripotent stem (iPS)
cells can be directed to develop
into light - sensing
photoreceptor cells of the retina.
When transplanted to the subretinal space of mice lacking functional
photoreceptors, human embryonic stem
cells directed toward a retinal lineage integrate
into the outer nuclear layer, express
photoreceptor markers, and restore a light response as determined by the electroretinogram (ERG)[5].
Human ES
cells treated with Noggin, Dickkopf - 1, and Insulin - like Growth Factor - 1 proteins differentiate
into functional
photoreceptors [5].
His research is focused on retinal regeneration by reprogramming human fibroblasts either
into induced pluripotent stem
cells or directly
into photoreceptors.
The apical domain can be further subdivided
into spatially and functionally distinct regions, nicely seen in
photoreceptor cells, where the apical domain is further subdivided
into the rhabdomere and the stalk membrane (green and magenta, respectively, in Fig.
The team transplanted stem
cell - derived
photoreceptors into another strain of mouse, called CRX null, which is congenitally blind.
Lanza's team figured out how to coax stem
cells taken from human embryos
into becoming the RPE
cells that die off along with
photoreceptors in macular degeneration, and in 2011 the team began injecting these manufactured
cells into patients» eyes.
In vivo conversion of Müller glia
into photoreceptors through
cell fusion - mediated reprogramming.
GenSight's treatment is for people with damaged
photoreceptor cells but intact ganglion
cells; it inserts the gene
into the ganglion
cells, whose axons form the basis of the optic nerve.
These
cells can develop
into any type of retinal
cell, including RPE
cells or
photoreceptors.
The treatment makes these ganglion
cells act like
photoreceptors, responding to patterns of light that pass through the retina and converting them
into patterns of electricity that go directly to the brain.
The macula is densely packed with
photoreceptor cells called rods and cones that react to light and send electrical nerve impulses to the optic nerve and
into the brain.
In the past, neural stem and progenitor
cells from various sources were introduced
into eyes with the thought that they might differentiate and replace
photoreceptors lost in retinal disease [13]--[19].
These
cells protect and nourish the retina, remove waste products, prevent new blood vessel growth
into the retinal layer, and absorb light not absorbed by the
photoreceptor cells; these actions prevent the scattering of the light and enhance clarity of vision.
iPS - RPE
cells were injected
into the subretinal space between the host RPE and
photoreceptor cells (B) A layer of iPS - RPE
cells in the subretinal space of the dystrophic RCS rat 20 hours following transplantation.
Subretinal transplantation of MACS purified
photoreceptor precursor
cells into the adult mouse retina.
In vitro expanded stem
cells from the developing retina fail to generate
photoreceptors but differentiate
into myelinating oligodendrocytes.
These are the
photoreceptor support
cells in the retina that are critical for the process of light
into sight conversion.