However, only in the eighties and nineties six research groups, or in some cases individual researchers,
introduced names for the phenomenon: Wallerstein & Kelly and Johnston & Roseby speak of & quote; pathological alignment & quote; and & quote; visitation refusal & quote;; Clawar & Rivlin of & quote; programmed and brainwashed children & quote;; Kelly & Johnston of & quote; The alienated child & quote;; Warshak of & quote; pathological
alienation & quote;; Gardner, Kopetski and Kopetski and Rand & Rand of & quote; Parental Alienation Syndrome & quote;, and Bernet of & quote; Parental Alienation Disorder & quote; or & quote; Parental Alienation
alienation & quote;; Gardner, Kopetski and Kopetski and Rand & Rand of & quote;
Parental Alienation Syndrome & quote;, and Bernet of & quote; Parental Alienation Disorder & quote; or & quote; Parental Alienation
Alienation Syndrome & quote;, and Bernet of & quote;
Parental Alienation Disorder & quote; or & quote; Parental Alienation
Alienation Disorder & quote; or & quote;
Parental AlienationAlienation & quote;.
Psychiatrist Richard Gardner formally
introduced the therapeutic community to what he called
Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) in a paper presented in 1985.
In addition, in cases of true
Parental Alienation Syndrome, the negative propaganda that is being
introduced to the child by the alienating parent is not substantiated by the alienated parent's behavior prior to the dispute.