Sentences with phrase «invaded the cell as»

Cortez investigates a family of enzymes (APOBEC) that exist in mammalian cells and damage viruses that have invaded the cell as part of an innate immune response.

Not exact matches

«Researchers watch in real time as fat - encased drug nanoparticles invade skin cells.»

At that point, they began invading deeper skin layers as migratory and invasive cancer cells.

As a result, cancer cells are more likely to escape through the vessels, enter the bloodstream and invade other organs.

The enzyme heparanase, which allows these cells to invade tissues, seems to be activated only in acidic environments such as those found in areas of inflammation.

Affecting the central nervous system, it causes neonatal meningitis by multiplying in immune cells, such as macrophages, and then disseminating into the bloodstream to subsequently invade the blood - brain barrier.

More recently, however, researchers have suggested that macrophages — specialized immune cells that reside in the dermis — are attracted to the wound inflicted by the tattoo needle and gobble up the tattoo pigment just as they would normally engulf an invading pathogen or piece of a dying cell.

Abnormal and uncontrolled production of this class of proteins, known as transcription factors, allow for cells to bypass growth control mechanisms and to develop characteristics necessary for invading surrounding tissues.

As with innate immunity, the adaptive immune system — the T cells and antibodies produced by B cells that target specific molecules on invading cells — contributes to pathology or may also fight against it.

As more reports appear of a grim «post-antibiotic era» ushered in by the rise of drug - resistant bacteria, a new strategy for fighting infection is emerging that targets a patient's cells rather than those of the invading pathogens.

The findings upend the long - held scientific belief that only cells, known specifically as dendritic cells, infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis could stimulate a broader, defensive immune system attack of the invading microorganism.

HCV invades cells in the body by binding to specific receptors on the cell, enabling the virus to enter it.2 Once inside, HCV hijacks functions of the cell known as transcription, translation and replication, which enables HCV to make copies of its viral genome and proteins, allowing the virus to spread to other sites of the body.2 When HCV enters the host cell, it releases viral (+) RNA that is transcribed by viral RNA replicase into viral -LRB--) RNA, which can be used as a template for viral genome replication to produce more (+) RNA or for viral protein synthesis.

Overriding the body's defenses by suppressing the signaling between key immune cells, plague races through the lymphatic system, invading organs such as the spleen, the lungs, and especially the liver.

Instead of killing HIV, as it would do with other viruses, the CD4 cell makes more copies of HIV, which then leave to invade other CD4 cells, ad infinitum, until an irreversible, lethal cascade has been unleashed.

Using this time - consuming approach, scientists have been able to identify functions for some of the genes necessary for the parasite to invade red blood cells, as well as some of the genes required for the parasite to later erupt from blood cells.

It is possible that the reason the negatively charged micelles were not found to be toxic was that they did not invade cells to the same extent as the positively charged micelles.

In fact, TBK1 may also be a contributor to debilitating diseases such as ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) and childhood herpes simplex virus encephalitis, if its connection with ICOS somehow triggers B cell activation and specific antibody production against the body's own cells in ALS or an excessive response to the invading viruses in childhood encephalitis.

This process requires a fundamental change in the character of cells within the primary tumor, insofar as members of a localized cell mass must be converted into actively migrating cells that invade into the surrounding tissue and blood vessels, and finally settle in distant tissues.

As a last - ditch defence against invading microbes, immune cells spew out sticky nets of their DNA.

Ripping a page from the Star Trek script, specialized cells of the barrier that lines the inside of the intestines and airways of humans have invoked a biological version of Captain Kirk's famous command «shields up» as a first defense against invading microbes.

«Due to the nature of how a cell nestles among its immediate neighbors, a scientist can now look at cell shapes and make a reasonable guess as to why, and how fast, those cells will migrate, remodel, or invade surrounding tissues.»

Only those possessing SGI1 were found to be more virulent, as measured by a dramatic increase in their ability to invade intestinal cells after exposure to protozoa.

As it invades a red blood cell, the malaria parasite takes part of the host cell's membrane to build a protective compartment.

As part of the body's normal, healthy immune response to infection, the barrier formed by blood vessel cells temporarily loosens, allowing white blood cells to exit the bloodstream and attack the invading bacteria or virus, Rehman said.

The fact that the hemocytes can be seen in their normal positions within the embryo reveals that these cells do not have to actively migrate toward the invading bacteria but rather are able to recognize and bind the bacteria as they are washed over them in the extra-cellular space.

A large number of different cells with various functions ensure that invading microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria can quickly be rendered innocuous and the entire organism stays healthy.

These CRISPR sequences act as a form of genomic memory that can be accessed to defend the cell when it is invaded by plasmids or phages that contain the recorded sequences.

When allergens enter the body, antigen presenting cells (immune cells that capture incoming substances and present them to other immune cells, initiating a cascade of immune responses) at body surfaces, capture and present them to immune cells, particularly T cells (in a similar manner as if the allergen was a foreign invading microbe).

MHC molecules recognize and present foreign proteins, such as those from invading bacteria, to immune system T cells to trigger their action.

These cells, often referred to as bone marrow stroma cells, develop during bone formation, from the early osteoprogenitor cells which later invade along the forming blood vessel and enter the bone marrow.

PULLMAN, Wash. — A study has found that a cellular syringe - like device used to invade intestinal cells also acts as a traffic cop — directing bacteria where to go and thereby enabling them to efficiently carry out infection.

Some act as guard dogs that raise the alarm when they detect invading viruses; others kill virus - infected cells directly, or help B cells to produce antibodies.

First, breast CSCs were shown to invade through Matrigel, a basement membrane matrix used routinely as an indicator of metastatic potential of cancer cells [14].

When people who carry it encounter certain invading pathogens that produce humanlike proteins, their immune cells might be unusually prone to attacking their own body's cells as they pursue the interloper.

This is often enough to halt the infection but the second part of the immune response is adaptive immunity, when dendritic cells activate T lymphocytes and trigger a cascade of immune reactions, such as the formation of antibodies and killer cells that clear the infection from the body and form a memory of the invading pathogen.

Human pathology studies suggest that tumor cells invade collectively as strands, cords and clusters of cells into the stroma, which is dramatically reorganized during cancer progression.

However, the exact cytoskeletal strategy that the cell uses to cross the physical BM barrier depends on the physiological context and the physical environment, as observed by examining actin structures in invading cancer and immune cells, and in cells that invade during developmental processes such as angiogenesis and anchor cell invasion in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Macrophages, from the Greek for «eating cells,» are white blood cells that act as cellular scavengers by ingesting dying and invading bacterial cells, but they recognize and refuse to eat their own kind.

At normal to low levels, ROS and RNS are necessary for the immune system — they are released by innate immune cell macrophages to destroy invading pathogens, and they act as innate system messengers, warning of incoming invaders.

Over time, these white blood cells, known as foam cells, begin to invade the linings of arteries, causing further arterial damage and obstructing blood flow.

APS (also known as astragalus polysaccharide) has been shown to activate the immune system by enhancing the transformation of T lymphocytes (a sub-type of white blood cells, crucial in the regulation of immune responses), as well as the activation of B lymphocytes (which produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins) and dendritic cells, which trigger immune reactions to toxins.

Inflammation is a natural process that occurs in your body as a response to damaged cells, invading pathogens, irritating chemicals, and other negative factors.

How It Works As An Antiviral The proteins actually prevent the virus from invading the cell.

Cancer starts when cells (internal or external parts of the body) grow too rapidly and get out of control, and as a result, invade its surrounding tissue.

It acts as if it had been invaded by a disease organism and sends defense cells to the area to fight the perceived infection.

Lymphocytes are important to the dog's immune system as they are a type of white blood cell that can produce antibodies that attack foreign matter, such as invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins associated with kennel cough virus (27).