An important overall measure of physics performance is the «triple product» of the
peak ion density, the plasma energy confinement time and the peak ion temperature.
Both the F1 and F2 regions possess
high ion density and are strongly influenced by both solar activity and time of day.
It's the
increased ion density that the University of Maryland researchers aim to detect with their new method.
In the large negative hydrogen ion source at NIFS, various types of diagnostics are available for measuring negative
hydrogen ion density, electron density, and other quantities.
These levels were confirmed by Mars Express, which also saw a rise
in ion density at a lower altitude than normal.
Maximum ion density, a condition that makes for efficient radio transmission, occurs within two sublayers: the lower E region, which exists from 90 to 120 km (about 55 to 75 miles) in altitude; and the F region, which exists from 150 to 300 km (about 90 to 185 miles) in altitude.
The F region has two maxima (i.e., two periods of
highest ion density) during daylight hours, called F1 and F2.
Of these, the F2 region is the more variable of the two and may reach
an ion density as high as 106 electrons per cubic centimetre.
In the upper troposphere,
the ion density is usually larger, whereas the sulfuric acid concentration is lower.