Sentences with phrase «ionization levels»
Diffuse emission nebulae are often called H II regions because they are mainly consisted of ionized hydrogen, H II - the roman number after the element symbol (here H) designating the ionization level: «I» would stand for neutral atoms, the «II» here means first ionization, i.e. the hydrogen atoms have lost their single electron, and for other elements higher numbers (ionization levels, or numbers of lost electrons) would be possible (e.g., He III, O III or Fe V).
http://www.maa.clell.de/ Not exact matches
The PlasmaWave ionization technology attacks pollutants at a molecular level and can even be effective against viruses, bacteria, and gasses in the air.
But a balloon - borne detector flying over Antarctica called the Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) has detected 70 more high - energy electrons than the normal background level attributed to supernova blasts.
«I would say in the evidence that we presented [last year], and also that other groups presented, it is clear that [the lower - level orbital] definitely has a contribution in tunnel ionization,» Gühr says.
Fundamental experimental data were derived from the observations of airglows by the Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) instrument on - board Mars Express: while NO is useful to constrain dynamics around the 100 km level (Gagné et al. 2013), CO and CO2 + UV emissions allow the direct monitoring of the efficiency of ionization processes (Stiepen et al. 2015).
«we estimate that less than 23 %, at the 95 % confidence level, of the 11 - year cycle changes in the globally averaged cloud cover observed in solar cycle 22 is due to the change in the rate of ionization from the solar modulation of cosmic rays.»
There is a significant amount of aerosol formation taking place with no ionization («background levels»), and when the sample air in the experiment was replaced, this caused a large jump (seen as a shift along the vertical axis) in the formation rate (the different colours in the figure above).
«Ground - level GCR ionization substantially increases the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid and sulphuric acid — ammonia particles, by between twofold and tenfold or more, provided that the nucleation rate lies below the limiting ion - pair production rate.»
(The solar magnetic cycle changes cause an increase or decrease to the solar heliosphere and solar wind which in turn results in an increase or decrease in atmospheric ionization which in turn results in less or more low level clouds which results in more or less solar energy being reflected into space.)
According to his profile at the Energy Advocate, Hayden's research focus was «ionic & atomic collisions; charge transfer, ionization, energy loss, energy - level crossings, ion - surface collisions, ion implantation, relativity considerations» and «energy for society.»
Empirical associations between solar - modulated cosmic ray ionization of the atmosphere and globally averaged low - level cloud cover remain ambiguous.
Strontium isotope ratios can be measured at the delta ppm level using a medium to high resolution magnetic sector mass spectrometer with multiple fixed collectors and either thermal ionization or inductively coupled plasma as an ion source.
In addition, the level of ionization of the atmosphere has been proposed as an important mechanism that can modulate the low cloud cover formation (Tinsley, 2008; Kirkby, 2007; Svensmark et al., 2009).